Fast Food Is An Integral Part Of Our Society Essay

Fast food has become an integral part of our society by providing the option for a cheap and quick meal and on-the-go dining. In 1954, Ray Kroc, a seller of milkshake machines, took interest in the hamburger shop owned by the McDonald’s brothers. From there, Kroc suggested that the brothers â€Å"franchise† their restaurants and after skepticism from the brothers, Kroc took on most of the responsibility for making the chain national venture. Today, McDonald’s is a global phenomenon and a billion-dollar industry (alongside of hundreds of other chains). Yet, as our society continually becomes more mobile, fast food grows exponentially, causing detrimental effects in the behavior of individuals. Despite common belief, fast food is not a new, post-industrial idea. Rather, this idea stems from the fact that fast-food became what we know it as today after World War II. While the name and location of the first fast food restaurant is lost to history, historians speculate that it might have been in ancient Rome. In urban sections of Ancient Rome, many citizens lived in multi-storied complex’s that had no area designated for cooking. Therefore, it was necessary to have street vendors and store fronts to provide for large segments of populations that could not cook their own meals. In addition, as travel became more relevant, and transportation relied on the art of walking or horseback riding, inns and taverns provided food and rest to travelers who left for relocation or war. SoShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Impact Of Junk Food Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pages: Understanding the Impact of Junk Food INTRODUCTION Junk Food is that type of food which doesn’t contain nutritional value. It do not contain high level of calories and has little protein, vitamins and minerals. Such foods are also not good for health and has negative effects after consuming them. 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Therefore, overweight children are at a higher risk of being overweight teenagers and adults. This places our youth at a great risk of developing chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiac issues later in life. They are also more likely to develop

Defining Marketing - 802 Words

Defining Marketing Deby Chan MKT 421 – Marketing Norbert Gray Jr. July 3, 2011 Defining Marketing There has been much misconception about what marketing really it only about commercials on the television or billboards that dot the highways, advertisements in the paper or salesman attempting to sell you their products. Many believe that this is marketing but marketing is much more complex than the advertising and the selling of goods and services. In fact, the above mentioned elements only form part of the whole marketing process. Marketing consists of a wide range of activities involved to ensure continuation of meeting the needs of the customers and getting appropriate value in return. MarketingPower.com defines marketing as†¦show more content†¦These marketing activities were executed in order to create an exchange and sales that will result in the achieving the companys goals. A well implemented marketing strategy should increase the firms customer equity, the expected earnings from a firms current or prospective customers. While marketing strategy planning is helpful to marketers, it requires all aspects and business departments must work parallel to create good marketing that will benefit the consumer and the business while delivering good and services that brings merit to the relationship of business and consumer. These involve the financial managers, accountants, production and personnel people and all other specialists. Marketing is important to the success of the organization. If the organization does not lay out the groundwork properly, the organization may not be able to adequately sale the product or service. The must be a market for the product that and organization wants to sell and the distribution network must be thought out. According to Chapter 1 of Basic Marketing: A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach, Starbucks demonstrated what well performed marketing function is all about by standardizing and grading the coffee beans, transporting and storing them, and buying and selling them to overcome the spatial separation between growers, Peruvian coffeeShow MoreRelatedDefining Marketing805 Words   |  4 PagesDefining Marketing Colleen P. Dalton MKT/421 November 26, 2012 Stephanie Burns Defining Marketing The purpose of this paper is to define the term â€Å"marketing†, explain the importance of marketing in organizational success, and provide examples from the business world to support the explanation of its importance. Upon completion of this paper it should be understood what Marketing means and its importance in today’s society. Marketing There are many definitions of the term â€Å"marketing†Read MoreDefining Marketing981 Words   |  4 PagesDefining Marketing What is marketing? 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Limitation in Raising External Sources of Finance Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Source of Finance. Answer: Introduction Organization is consisted of several set of procedures in which various functions are performed to achieve certain goals and objectives. Capital is the amount of money engaged in the business functioning for smooth running of its value chain activities. In todays world each and every business needs money. Purpose External sources of finance means capital arranged from outside of business unlike retained earnings which are generated internally from the activity of business as have or being done for the purpose to earn profit from business (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2016). External source of finance are those finance where a businessmen arrange the finance by following modes e.g. equity share, bank loan, preferred stock ,debenture, term loan ,venture capital, leasing, hire purchase, trade credit, bank overdraft, and factoring which are used at the time of need of capital to start, run or grow businesses in significant manner (Arora, 2013). Scope It can either be raised through internal sources of finance or external sources of finance. Internal sources of finance refers to the process in which finance is raised from the business itself whereas, external sources of finance mean those sources of finance which are outside the business i.e. where funds are raised outside the business. Methodology There are several different sources of external finance for public listed companies which could be used for raising funds from the market. Some of the external sources are equity capital, debentures, venture capital, term loans, leasing, hire purchase, bank overdraft and factoring. Ideally, these types of funding are useful for the organizations having strong brand image. Limitation The main limitation in raising external sources of finance is limited number of options for organization for raising finance for company. All the data has been collected from primary and secondary sources which could be misrepresentative in calculating cost of capital and total issued capital. External source of finance for listed company having effective track record in market Issue of capital (Shares and debentures) Company is derived and owned by two separate persons. Directors are the persons who drive the company and shareholders are the real owners. In this kind of External source of finance, companies issue its equity share capital through (IPO/FPO) public issue in stock market (Hargovan Harris, 2011). This kind of finance is useful only for big Companies which are listed in Stock Exchanges. It becomes cumbersome process which put obligation on listed companies to comply with different legal formalities which are governed by lot of legislation (Beck, 2016). Advantages: These are the persons who have direct control over the management of the firm and it becomes dangerous for company if one person buy more than 51% share in market. They are entitled to dividend. Sharing of ownership right is the main characteristic of this finance. Therefore, right hold by shareholders is diluted to some extent (Fonseca, 2010). Disadvantages: Equity share holders bear the highest degree of risk of the company. Dividend is given only in case of profits after paying interest on debentures and tax(Hanssens, Deloof and Vanacker, 2015). In comparison to other sources of finance it carries higher floatation expenses of brokerage and underwriting commission. It is costly compare to debt finances because the return to shareholder will be given in form of bonus share or dividend which is not subject to TDS (Fonseca, A. (2010) Issues of Debenture It is a kind of a debt documents that are not secured by physical assistance. These are most common form of long term loans. They are redeemed on a fixed date and pay a fixed rate of interest. Debts is consider to be the cheaper mode of finance compared to equity. This is another source of finance which prefer by companies over the equity. In this case company has to pay interest to its debenture holders and it is tax deductible. It is presented to public and there for necessary legislation need to be comply with and the rest of the process off issuing is quite similar to shares (Zattoni Judge, 2012). Advantages: Issuing of debentures does not dilute the control of the existing shareholders of the company over the business. Also they are entitled to interest so profit does not get diluted. A unique characteristic of this finance is that it does not share ownership or share control like preference or equity share does. Disadvantages: Interest payment to debenture holder is an obligation. It also raises the leverage of the business (Turner, 2014). Issues of preferences shares These types of shares are ideally issued by listed company. In terms of payment of dividend and share capital at time of liquidation of company, holders of preference shares are given priority over equity share capital. Once the dividend has been declare in general meeting of company it has to be paid and cannot be ignored. There is another category off preferred share collected cumulative preference share where share has its dividend return accumulated till it is not paid. Advantages- Holders of preference shares are given priority over equity share capital. Disadvantage- They are not entitled for voting in general meeting. Borrowing for start up and growing business (In case, when company introduce new product or diversified business in market (Routledge, Sargeant, Jay 2014). Use of venture capital It is amount that is provided by venture capitalist to SME and early stage emerging firms that have high growth potential. These funds are provided by incubators who are ready to take high risk for high amount of profit (Platon, Frone Constantinescu, 2014). In this External source of finance Investors are the different set off people who invest in newly form company where probabilities of business growing high is either 100% or 0%. It is a new idea in the market on the basis of which company starts is business. The people who invest money in this business are known as capitalist they usually invest in a company at preliminary stage after applying accurate analysis (Barton and Wiseman, 2014). For instance, if a company takes investment of $ 20, 00,000 at a rate of 8% and compensating requirement is that company would have to pay at least 50% return to its venture capitalist if projects get successful. It provides that effective rate of borrowing amount would be 20, 00,000*50%= 10, 00,000 (Black Gilson,1998). Advantages: New innovative projects find a source of finance for them. In addition to this firms also provide information, resources, technical assistance to the emerging firms (Webley Werner, 2008). Disadvantages: It is uncertain in nature and benefits can be realized in long run only. Bank loan and advances External source of finance is obtained by listed companies as per their different need of finance from bank or financial institution. It is quite similar to debenture except issuing cost because common public is not involved in this process. Bank or financial institution do analysis of companys financial statement and plans to evaluate the debt services capacity of the company. Mortgage loan can also be provided by bank or financial institution by securing some assets of company. In addition to this, there is another loan which is called term loan. It is a monetary loan that is paid again in regular payments in determined time period. It usually ranges from one to ten years. Ideally a bank provides this source of finance as facilities to its clients. (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). Advantages: Interest paid is tax deductible. There is no dilution of control in management since lenders has no right to vote. Interest paid is tax deductible. No dilution of control over the management since lenders has no right to vote (Needles and Crosson, 2007). Disadvantages: Firm is lawfully obliged to pay interest and main principle amount. It raises the financial leverage of the firm which in turn raises the cost of equitym (Frank, Shen, 2016). Company is legally obliged to pay interest amount and charged it against its profit. It also increases the financial leverage of the firm which in turn raises the cost of equity (Roth, 2017). Factoring of debtors Factoring is a financial business in which organizations sells its account receivable to another party at discount amount and in turn business gets a cash advance. In this source of finance Companies sells its debtors at discount to the buyers. These buyers are known as factors that collect the cash from debtors on behalf of company and charges commission for the consideration. There are two kind of factoring such as resource factoring and non resources factoring. Resource Factoring bears the bad debts of company while non resources do not bear the bad debts of business (Cholakova Clarysse, 2015). Advantages: It is lot more time saving in comparison to other sources. Instant cash can be used for growth prospects. Disadvantages: Once we accept cash for our receivables we give up a measure of control. Also factoring comes at higher price than loans (Qu, 2016). easing Hire Purchase In this External source of finance, there is an option in which company could enter into leasing contract with supplier of goods over payment of their debts to company. It helps businesses to block fewer amounts in its value chain activities. Generally, hire purchases option is provided by big suppliers and gives option to buy assets at the end of its terms (Davis Davis, 2011). Advantages- It helps in reduction of amount blocked in its value chain activities Disadvantage- It is costly process and increase total cost of production of company. Other sources of finance Trade credit is the facility generated by mutual agreement between creditors and company. It is given by creditors to business which allows it to make delay in its payment by some period. The POC (Period of credit) will depend on the terms and condition between business and creditors (Pinto Reis, 2017). Advantages- The period of credit will depend on the terms and condition between business and creditors. Disadvantages- sometime it becomes cumbersome process to take trade credit loan. There are several considerations which are to be kept in mind by organizations before raising funds from the market. Company would consider lock in period of making repayment of the money taken from the market. Financial cost and other interest amount which would be required. Risk associated with the choosing methods Cost of capital Attached liabilities with the options Selection of best financial course of action for raising finance for the company There is no set of rules and regulation for selecting source of finance for raising capital for the organization. However, endeavor should be made towards keeping low cost of capital and longer lock in period. It could be justified with the practical example that if company X is having requirement of $ 10, 00,000 amount then management department would use mix source of finance for raising capital for the organization. Company should use issue of equity shares to people for generating $ 5,00,000 and $ 5,00,000 could be used by other sources such as issue of debentures, factoring and banks loans. Weighted average cost of capital would play important role in assigning the accurate weight to all the capital parts of company. It helps company to reduce its financial leverage and risk associated with capital of organization. Critical evaluation by using WACC in raising long term finance This Critical evaluation by using WACC in raising long term finance could be determined by using an example. This will provide how a company could reduce its cost of overall capital by using different source of finance for raising capital for the company. If company X takes loan of $ 10, 00,000 from different banks such as $ 5, 00,000 loan from Wes bank $ 2, 00,000 loan from Barclays $ 3, 00,000 loan from American express Weighted average cost of capital would be computed with a view to compute required rate of return for the company. Lender Balance Rate Banks name Wes bank $ 5, 00,000 5% Banks name Barclays $ 2, 00,000 6% Banks name American express $ 3, 00,000 7% Weighted average cost of capital would be computed as below Portion of loan taken * Rate assigned to each loan by banks (5, 00,000/10, 00,000)*.20+ (3, 00,000/10, 00,000) *30+ (2, 00,000/10, 00,000)*.50 5%*.20+ 6%*.30+ 7%*.5 1+ 1.8+1.35 4.15 % Company has 4.15% minimum rate of return below which would not accept any project for its business functioning (Rao, 2011) Capital structure of three identical firms Capital structure- This is comprised with all the sources of capital which are used by company. It is analyzed that optimum level of capital structure helps organization to reduce the overall cost of capital for the business. For instance, If company is having requirement of $ 5, 00,000 then they could go for several sources of finance e.g. issues of shares, Issue of debts and other sources (venture capital fund, Bank loan and securitization of assets). These three companies require $ 50, 00,000 for financing their new projects. Particular Company A Company B Company C Cost of capital Capital required $ 50, 00,000 $ 50, 00,000 $ 50, 00,000 $ 50, 00,000 Issues of debts 50%= 25,00,000 60%= 30,00,000 70%= 35,00,000 10% Issues of equity 40%= 20,00,000 30%= 15,00,000 20%= 10,00,000 15% Other sources( Venture capital, factoring and other ways 10%= 5,00,000 10%= 5,00,000 10%= 5,00,000 10% It is analyzed that optimum level of capital structure helps organization to reduce the overall cost of capital for the business. Total cost of capital for Company A= 6, 00,000 25,00,00*10%= 2,50,000 20,00,000*15%= 3,00,000 5,00,000*10%= 50,00,000 Total cost of capital for Company B= $ 5, 75,000 30,00,00*10%= 3,00,000 15,00,000*15%= 2,25,000 5,00,000*10%= 50,000 Total cost of capital for Company C= $ 10, 00,000 35,00,000*10%= 3,50,000 10,00,000*15%= 1,50,000 5,00,000*10%= 5,00,000 Company B has least cost of capital. Therefore, it could be said that company B has optimum capital structure. Weighted average cost of capital Weighted average cost of capital provides rate at which company is expected to pay to all its security holders to finance its assets. It is also called as total Average cost of capital of organization. It is the least return that a company should earn on assets in order to satisfy its creditors, owners, or the other capital providers (Needles Crosson, 2007). It could be defined with the help of example that if company X proposes to raise capital by issuing of debts and loans from banks then the level of financial leverage could be gauged by using WACC. It provides to what extent company could entertain financial risk in its business. This financial risk is used by company to determine how company could reduce its cost of capital for overall business functioning (Aggarwal, et al. 2014). It is observed that company raises money from number of sources like shares, debt, options and governmental subsidies. There are different scriptures which provide several sources of finance which are considered by organizations to generate several returns (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2016).Under this, relative weights are assigned to each component in capital structure. The more critical the capital structure then it would more laborious is to calculate WACC. WACC is used by companies to observe if the asset projects available to them are meaningful to undertake (Minsky, 2015). There is following formula which could be used to calculate WACC of Company (Nirajini Priya, 2013). WACC = E/V*Re + D/V*Rd (1-Tc) Where Re = cost of equity Rd = cost of debt E = market value of the firms equity D = market value of the firms debt V = E+D (total value of the firms equity and debt) E/V = percentage of financing that is equity D/V = Percentage of financing that is debt Tc = corporate tax rate (Minnis and Sutherland, 2017). WACC is used as quantify tool to make a decision whether to spend. The WACC reflect the least amount rate of return at which a company produces value for the person who invests money. It serves as a reality test for the investors (Jensen, 2005). It could be inferred that WACC is altered by making dilution in the capital structure. It is assumed that cost of debt is not equal to cost of equity. The cost of equity is higher than cost of debt. So if there is increase in equity financing WACC will also increase. Equity finance has no collision on profitability but equity financing can make changes in ownership of existing shareholders because net income is divided among large number of shares. Equity financing leads to positive item in CFS and increase in common stock on the balance sheet (Jansen, 2016). If a firm raises debt money then there is a constructive item in financing section of CFS as well as add to in liabilities on the balance sheet. Debt financing includes principal which h as to be paid to lenders. Debt does not dilute ownership. However, interest payment on debt reduces net income as well as cash flow. Reduction in net income leads to tax benefit. Increase in debt causes rise in leverage ratio. In the event when company goes in winding up debt holders are senior to equity holder (Heal Palepu, 2012). Company should try to make a proper ratio between the various sources of finance so as to make a viable decision for the business. Another example could be used for the better understanding of this WACC. Suppose organizations is having 15% return from its business functioning and there are two options available for the company. It could either go for raising funds from issues of shares and dividend amount would be 15% on capital investment or issues of debts at the interest amount at 10%. In this case as per WACC, company should go for raising funds from issues of debentures in market (Knack Xu, 2017). Therefore, it could be inferred that WACC helps org anizations to choose right amount of long term sources of funds which reduce cost of capital of organization (Hirschey, 2008). Financial leverage is used to determine the companys sustainability position and its capability to pay off its short term and long term debts. WACC is used to measure the weight assigned to each capital component in organization. This provides how company could reduce its overall cost of capital. In addition to this, WACC is also used to gauge the minimum level of return that company needs to earn from its business functioning to create value. For instance, Company X has WACC of 15% then it is the minimum required return that company should earn from its business functioning. Otherwise it would result into destruction of capital value of company (Hargovan Harris, 2011). It could be defined with WACC example. For instance, banks and financial institutions who lend money to company X requires 12% interest rate and shareholders of the company has 15% dividend rate expectation. Now calculating WACC it is observed that both parts in company are weighted 50% each. Therefore, as per WACC calculation required rate of return to company from its business functioning would be 50%* 15%+ 50%* 12%= 13.5. Company by using WACC could easily determine which source of finance would result into less cost of capital (Frank Shen, 2016). Conclusion It is observed that when the funds are raised by the company in exchange of its shares then it is termed as equity financing. It is in contrast to debt capital. It is the main source of finance of a firm. It has certain advantages and disadvantages attached to it. Now in the end, it would be concluded that company should compute WACC first before raising funds from the market. References Aggarwal Prakhar Agarwal Shobhit, 2014, Cost Management accounting (ASHA Book House) Arora M. N, 2013 A textbook of Cost and management accounting (Himalaya Publishing House, 10thedition). Barton, D. Wiseman, M., 2014.Focusing capital on the long term.Harvard Business Review,92(1/2), pp.44-51. Beck, T., 2016.Long-term Finance in Latin America: A Scoreboard Model. Inter-American Development Bank. Black, B., Gilson, R. (1998). Venture capital and the structure of capital markets: Banks vs stock markets.Journal of Financial Economics,47, 243277 Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C. (2016).Financial Management: Theory Practice. 15thed. Boston: Cengage Learning. Cholakova, M., Clarysse, B. (2015). Does the possibility to make equity investments in crowdfunding projects crowd out reward-based investments?Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(1), 145172. Davis, C.E. Davis, E. (2011).Managerial Accounting. NY: John Wiley Sons. Fonseca, A. (2010). How credible are mining corporations' sustainability reports? A critical analysis of external assurance under the requirements of the international council on mining and metals.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,17(6), pp.355-370. Frank, M.Z. Shen, T., 2016. Investment and the weighted average cost of capital.Journal of Financial Economics,119(2), pp.300-315. Hanssens, J., Deloof, M. and Vanacker, T., 2015.Underexplored issues in entrepreneurial finance.InConcise guide to entrepreneurship, technology and innovation(pp. 219-213).Edward Elgar Publishing. Hargovan, A. Harris, J. (2011). Together alone: Corporate group structures and their legal status revisited.Australian Business Law Review,39(2), pp.85-94. Healy, P.M. Palepu, K.G. (2012).Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hirschey, M. 2008.Fundamentals of Managerial Economics.9thed. Mason: Cengage Learning. Jansen, K., 2016.External finance in Thailands development: An interpretation of Thailands growth boom. Springer. Jensen, M.C. (2005). Agency costs of overvalued equity.Financial management,34(1), pp.5-19. Knack, S. Xu, L.C., 2017. Unbundling institutions for external finance: worldwide firm-level evidence.Journal of Corporate Finance. Minnis, M. Sutherland, A., 2017. Financial statements as monitoring mechanisms: Evidence from small commercial loans.Journal of Accounting Research,55(1), pp.197-233. Minsky, H.P., 2015. Can" it" happen again?: essays on instability and finance. Routledge. Needles, B Crosson, S. (2007).Managerial Accounting.Boston: CengageLearning. Nirajini, A. Priya, K.B., 2013. Impact of capital structure on financial performance of the listed trading companies in Sri Lanka.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,3(5), pp.1-9. Nizam, N. Z., Hoshino, Y. 2016. Corporate Characteristics of Retail Industry among 11 Asian and American Countries.Journal of Management Research,8(1), 224-247. Pinto, L. Reis, M., 2017. Long-Term Finance in Brazil: The Role of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). InThe New Brazilian Economy(pp. 151-176). Palgrave Macmillan US. Platon, V., Frone, S., Constantinescu, A. (2014). Financial and economic risks to public projects.Procedia Economics and Finance,8, 204-210. Qu, H., 2016.Two essays on nonprofit finance(Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis). Rao, P.M. (2011). Financial Statement Analysis and Reporting.Eastern Economic Edition, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. Roth, M., 2017.Top Stocks (2017): A Sharebuyer's Guide to Leading Australian Companies. John Wiley Sons. Routledge, Sargeant A, Jay E. (2014) Fundraising management: analysis, planning and practice. Turner, P., 2014. The global long-term interest rate, financial risks and policy choices in EMEs. Webley, S. Werner, A. (2008). Corporate codes of ethics: Necessary but not sufficient.Business Ethics: A European Review,17(4), pp.405-415. Zattoni, A., Judge, W. (2012).Corporate Governance and Initial Public Offerings: An International Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Quiet Storm by Aly Fila free essay sample

To take energy from live sets and implimate the energy back into the studio is a technique that Aly Fila have mastered. Throughout the past ten years, Aly Amr Fathalah and Fadi Wassef Naguib commonly known as â€Å"Aly Fila† have rose to the top of trance. Quiet Storm is the follow-up album to Rising Sun. In 2012 at A State of Trance 550 Los Angeles, Fila began premiering some of the earliest forms of Quiet Storm. The first release date for the album was late 2012, but in Aly Fila’s eyes the album wasn’t complete. Together they went back into the studio for another year. By March 14th the album was ready for release in June. I was extremely excited for the release of Quiet Storm! The album showcases great collaborations with top names such as Giueseppe Ottaviani, John O’Callghan and Arctic Moon. I felt that Quiet storm took me on a journey because there was a variety of slower paced vocal tracks and then the usual euphoric uplifting tracks. We will write a custom essay sample on Quiet Storm by Aly Fila or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The vocal tracks were the most surprising for me in this album. The vocals done by Sue McLaren, Susana, Jaren, Karim and Rafif were brilliantly constructed with melodic melodies and basslines. The vocal tracks, the vocals took the part as the main body of the songs. Aly Fila’s Quiet Storm album was an outstanding album that still left me wanting to hear more! I am waiting to hear the next follow-up which I am sure will be great.

Definition and Examples of Standard British English

Definition and Examples of Standard British English The term Standard British English customarily refers to a variety of the English language thats generally used in professional communication  in Britain (or, more narrowly defined, in England or in southeast England) and taught in British schools. Also known as  standard English English or  British Standard English (BrSE). Although no formal body has ever regulated the use of English in Britain, a fairly rigid model of Standard British English has been taught in British schools since the 18th century. Standard British English is sometimes used as a synonym for Received Pronunciation (RP). John Algeo notes, however, that despite numerous differences in pronunciation, American English resembles present standard British English more closely than it does any other British type of speech (The Origins and Development of the English Language, 2014). Examples and Observations [D]uring the 18th and 19th centuries publishers and educationalists defined a set of grammatical and lexical features which they regarded as correct, and the variety characterized by these features later came to be known as Standard English. Since English had, by the 19th century, two centres, Standard English came to exist in two varieties: British and US. These were widely different in pronunciation, very close in grammar, and characterized by small but noticeable differences in spelling and vocabulary. There were thus two more or less equally valid varieties of Standard English- British Standard and US Standard. . . . [T]here is no such thing (at present) as a Standard English which is not British or American or Australian, etc. There is no International Standard (yet), in the sense that publishers cannot currently aim at a standard which is not locally bound. (Gunnel Melchers and Philip Shaw, World Englishes: An Introduction. Arnold, 2003) The Perceived Prestige of British English [D]uring most of the 20th century Europeans preferred British English, and European instruction in English as a foreign language followed the norms of British English in pronunciation (specifically RP), lexical choice, and spelling. This was a result of proximity, the effective methods of language teaching developed by British institutions such as the British Council, and the perceived prestige of the British variety. As American English grew more influential in the world, it became an option alongside British English in mainland Europe and elsewhere. For a while, especially during the second half of the 20th century, a prominent attitude was that either variety was acceptable for a learner of English as long as each variety was kept distinct. The idea was that one could speak British English or American English but not a random mix of the two.(Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, 2002)The prestige of  British English is  oft en assessed . . . in terms of its purity (a baseless notion) or its elegance and style (highly subjective but nonetheless powerful concepts). Even those Americans who are put off by posh accents may be impressed by them and hence likely to suppose that standard British English is somehow better English than their own variety. From a purely linguistic point of view, this is nonsense, but it is a safe bet that it will survive any past or future loss of British influence in world affairs.(John Algeo and Carmen A. Butcher,  The Origins and Development of the English Language, 7th ed. Wadsworth,  2014)   Irregular Verbs The researchers [using a new online tool developed by Google with the help of scientists at Harvard University] were also able to trace how words had changed in English, for example a trend that started in the US towards more regular forms of verbs from irregular forms like burnt, smelt and spilt. The [irregular] forms still cling to life in British English. But the -t irregulars may be doomed in England too: each year, a population the size of Cambridge adopts burned in lieu of burnt, they wrote. America is the worlds leading exporter of both regular and irregular verbs.(Alok Jha, Google Creates a Tool to Probe Genome of English Words for Cultural Trends. The Guardian, December  16, 2010)

Importance of military in Othello Essay Example

Importance of military in Othello Essay Example Importance of military in Othello Paper Importance of military in Othello Paper During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, global confrontation between Turk and Christian worried military theorists. Turks were renowned for their courage, skill and cruelty on the battlefield. European warfare was also passing through a transitional stage between feudal hosts of the Middle Ages and permanent professional rmies of modern times. Othello is a condottiere fighting by contract for Venetian Republic, reflecting what European warfare would become. Yet, his self-fashioned image of a romantic and chivalric hero defeating the infidel in order to win a fair damsel is remnant of a medieval idea. Thus, confusion behind the two constructs and thus in Othello himself is inevitable. Othello takes place in a military background almost exclusively, and this is important to the tragedy, as it affects Othellos understanding of love, the importance of honour and reputation to the male protagonists and furthermore enables the audience to perceive both the external conflict between the Turks and Venetians, but also the internal conflict in Othello. This dimension allows the pay to be defined as both a public and domestic tragedy. Throughout the play, Othello makes statements such as Tis better to be much but to knowt a little. This conveys Othellos surprise, suggesting he has only learned things many take for granted. His occupation is also crucial to the tragedy, as it is his stories of the battlefield that initially woo Desdemona: she loved me for the dangers I had passed. However, we as an audience become aware of the fragility of their loves foundation as the play progresses through the symbol of the handkerchief. Othello weaves an intriguing and romantic story describing its history (further emphasizing that Othellos heroic narratives were an important factor in winning Desdemona), yet throughout the play, the handkerchief is stolen (showing their loves vulnerability) and proceeding the temptation scene when Desdemona tries to bind Othellos aching head with it, he states it is too little, indicating that their love cannot rid Othello of the suspicion of being cuckolded in his mind. It is Othellos occupation, then, that initiates the tragic process. Furthermore, Othellos naivety in matters concerning love makes him vulnerable to Iagos verbal predation. He is quick to believe what Iago tells him, even to Iagos surprise who states that the Moor already changes with my poison. It is Othellos occupation as a soldier that causes this, as the milieu of soldiers was virile and male-dominated. The soldiers life in Shakespearean times was lacking in female contact as long durations of time were spent in the company of soldiers alone. Iagos occupation as a soldier also contributes to the readiness at which Othello believes him. A Venetian, Iago states he knows the women of Venice well. Venice was infamous for its courtesans, and Iago easily convinces Othello that Desdemona is no different than the untrustworthy and seductive women of Venice. This knowledge inevitably arises from his career, as soldiers were infamous for womanizing. Another important aspect to a soldier that is important to the tragedy is honour and reputation, reputation reputation! The significance of honour to Othellos central characters mobilizes the tragic outcome as Renaissance soldiers lives were dominated by it, especially since it was still the age when chivalry majorly contributed to the rules and discipline of the army. Othello demonstrates the desire to preserve his honour when he dismisses Cassio after his drunken brawl. Othello rather solemnly states he is no more his lieutenant, suggesting that those that lose their honour must be dismissed as a customary practice. Othello states he will make Cassio an example, despite the close relationship the two formerly shared. Cassios drunkenness is not without significance, as there was rules against drunkenness on duty, and Thomas Digges Stratioticos clearly states that dronkennes doth turn men into beasts. Othello aligns himself with this view as he enters in the barrack room, declaring his soldiers have turned Turk Turks being associated with brutal and animalistic behaviour. It is Cassios lost honour as a soldier that causes his dismissal and continues to mobilize the plot. Othellos brutal sense of honour is also demonstrated in a scene crucial to the tragedy when Othello decides to murder Desdemona. He says the justice of it pleases me, chillingly suggesting that strangling her is the moral and honourable thing to do. Othello constructs himself as a romantic and chivalric knight, and a characteristic of this identity was winning a damsel of a higher social station. If this woman was to lose her status, Othellos self-fashioned status was also in jeopardy. Thus when Edmund Spensers Red Crosse Knight discovers the fair Fidelia is really the foul whore Duessa, he is emasculated. When Othello becomes convinced that Desdemona is equally foul, his occupation is gone. The chivalric ideal upon which he has built his military vocation is destroyed and his reputation gone, and thus he decides that it is just to destroy her. Iago also plays upon this ontological insecurity when he says He that filches makes me poor indeed, suggesting that wronging someones name is the worst offence of all. A soldiers propensity to seek revenge is also crucial to the tragic plot. It is this that plays a large part in Othellos decision to kill Desdemona. This is due to vengeance being a principal element in a soldiers life, as many wars are fought on the basis of vengeance; a soldier learns to retaliate subsequent to being wronged, and thus Othello sees this as a natural medium of correcting Desdemonas apparent transgression, causing it to be somewhat explanatory of Othellos merciless killing of her, the woman he loves. When discussing the murder with Iago, Othello speaks in prose showing the systematic approach to revenge, as would be common in the devising of military plans. Yet, his speech is also punctuated with short sharp utterances to reflect how his passion is beginning to prevail over his military reasoning: O tis foul in her with mine officer! Thats fouler. Elizabethan military treatises agree that the careful selection of subordinates was a Generals most important duty. For Othello, that Desdemona would be topped by his handpicked is ignominious and degrading, and far more subversive than Desdemona being unfaithful with another. Thus Othellos quest for revenge is rooted in the desire to uphold his reputation as a great general: a way of being a black man in a white mans world. It is also essential to the development of the plays tragic situation that the male protagonists are soldiers as it allows the incorporation of professional jealousy one of Iagos apparent motivations. Although Coleridge stated that Iago was a motive-hunting malignity, there are instances in the play that signal a tension between those in different military positions. Iagos initial complaint against Othello is regarding his selection of officers. As Giles Clayton in 1591 stated, a lieutenant must be a man of great experience and knowledge in service. It is on this basis that Iago deems Cassio, a bookish theoric as unfit for the position. Another of Iagos grievances regarding Cassios appointment is that letter and affection obtained it. However, the audience learns that Iago has also tried to attain the office by persuading three great ones of the city to make personal requests to Othello, showing that Iago is just as guilty of trying to attain this office by letter and affection. It is also clear that Cassio was also chosen a more legitimate basis as he knew Othello well enough to serve as a go-between during his courtship of Desdemona and also knew of their love, a shock even to Desdemonas father. Furthermore, he is trusted enough by the Senate to be made governor of Cyprus. However, although Cassio is a valid choice for lieutenant, he does remind Iago rather snidely of his position, saying the lieutenant is to be savd before the ancient. In regard to Iago, his position as an ensign allows the audience to see the duplicity of his character and increases the irony surrounding his falseness. Readers of Othello have noted the verbal irony in the noun phrase honest Iago that reverberates throughout the play. However, the Ensign, as Elizabethan military treatises agree, must have been selected because of his upright and honest character. This is because the Ensign carried the flag, an emblem of the nobility of war and a representation of the country. Therefore, he must have been trustworthy enough for the soldiers to follow into battle. Garrard insisted that the Ensign must be a man of good account. Iago is hardly honest, however. He professes his lack of loyalty to his superior officer: not I for love and duty / But seeming so for my peculiar end I am not what I am. This supposed honesty that Iago should possess as the Ensign perhaps accounts for Othellos propensity to trust him. This is also due to the close relationship the Ensign and General were intended to hold. This proclivity to have confidence in Iago mobilizes the tragic situation, as Othello disregards pleas from his innocent wife even on her deathbed. Lastly, global struggle between West and East, Venice and Turkey is dramatized in the final act in the psychological battle within Othello. His last speech is central, as when he kills himself, it is in the same manner as he once killed the Turk who had beaten the Venetian in Aleppo. Therefore, Othello is reasserting the myth of Venice as a rational and ordered place on the outside, but having a corrupt internal structure; his rational and virtuous self destroys the irrational and cruel Turk within. Through this suicide, he is also acknowledging that he is both Venetian and Turk. Thus, the plays domestic conflicts also dramatize the conflict between places and cultures, as the West felt itself to be in contact with the barbarous East. The precarious ness of a nations identity is expressed through the tragedy of Othello. In conclusion, without the Othello being firmly founded on a military basis, the tragic plot could not be effectively mobilized. The milieu of the soldiers also allows the attitudes and relationships in the play to unfold, and also show how the desired characteristics of a soldier are in direct opposition to acting in a civilized and rational way in situations away from the battlefield.

Communist Manifesto Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communist Manifesto - Scholarship Essay Example However it was his biggest fear. The demand of the consumer, the machines and computers could be best described as the nightmare of labor in Marx vision. Marx calls it the feudal system, the system that works on demand. "This industrial revolution was precipitated by the discovery of the steam engine, various spinning machines, the mechanical loom, and a whole series of other mechanical devices. These machines, which were very expensive and hence could be bought only by big capitalists, altered the whole mode of production and displaced the former workers, because the machines turned out cheaper and better commodities than the workers could produce with their inefficient spinning wheels and handlooms. The machines delivered industry wholly into the hands of the big capitalists and rendered entirely worthless the meager property of the workers (tools, looms, etc.). The result was that the capitalists soon had everything in their hands and nothing remained to the workers. This marked the introduction of the factory system into the textile industry." The computer today can be seen as the new machinery that drives the 24 hour economy and makes labors slaves again in using them. The world is small due to the internet and computers. Imperialism itself in the wealthy countries like the US drive the economy. The world market demand can be done in a minute now. 2. Who are the Bourgeoisie Where did they come from and where are they going (4,5,24) Are they still around Do you know any Best to be named are the bourgeoisie as the rich and powerful top layer of society who had the money to build the factories. Due to "old money" nobles and gained money from profit. Bourgeoisie, one of his arguments is so powerful, that Marx claimed they where out of control. They came from the Feudal society according to Marx still with class antagonisms, with the establishment of new classes, conditions of oppression and new forms of struggles. Marx describes in his book exactly why this is not good. He states in his words: "Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. The monthly review states the bourgeoisie as follows: "The class of big capitalists, who, in all civilized countries, are already in almost exclusive possession of all the means of subsistence and of the instruments (machines, factories) and materials necessary for the production of the means of subsistence. This is the bourgeois class, or the bourgeoisie." According to Marx they came " From the serfs

Urban tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Urban tourism - Essay Example In fact after WWII, Haiti was among the leading countries that had taken advantage of the international tourism that had aroused from the global economic restoration. This had created in Haiti an estimate of more than 60,000 direct and indirect jobs, contributed a 3.5% share to the country’s GDP, and earned an annual income of $50 million. (International Monetary Fund 34) According to Americas, during 1950s and ‘60s Haiti had been one of the strongest competitors in the tourism industry in the Caribbean (qtd. in Pawlowski 1). However, the development of tourism in Haiti has been historically lopsided and marred with many setbacks. Even during the most auspicious times, Haiti’s tourism has never attracted a significant portion of the total Antilles tourist market. Only Labadie on the northern coast has achieved consistent success, being the docking site of tourist cruises in the Caribbean (Lundahl 64). It was in Labadie where the Royal Caribbean Cruise Line has been landing in Haiti for nearly 30 years, without informing tourists that it is actually part of Haiti, instead referring to it as an ‘island’ on Hispaniola (Lazar, par. 12-3; Pawlowski 2). Furthermore, the worsened political and social instability since the ending of Jean-Claude Duvalier’s dictatorial regime in 1986 (Hudman and Jackson 134) plus the inadequate infrastructure needed by a flourishing tourist industry – the focus of Duvalier’s later investments, have greatly pulled Haiti’s tourism indu stry backward, leaving a mere 800 hotel rooms available for tourists by the latter part of 1990s (Street 5). After Duvalier’s fall, though Haiti’s political leadership remains unstable, the second ascension to Presidency of Renà © Prà ©val in 2004 has brought a slow yet better changes to Haiti, such as, a stabilizing Haiti’s political climate; a

Particular aspect Essay Example for Free

Particular aspect Essay Another group of wiccan practitioners whose sexual orientations deviate from the standard healthy and loving issue are the gays, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people who are most welcome in the covens, study groups, and circles. Chris is a hairdresser who is a self-confessed Wiccan believer and practitioner. According to him, he feels comfortable with the teachings of the liberal Wiccan religion that do not shun gay relationships and their sexuality. For him, the equal acceptance of the Neo-pagan practice of individuals with differing sexual orientation attracted him to the Wiccan religion. Similarly Carol, a paralegal for a law firm who joined Chris as new members of the wiccan community were graciously welcomed as a perspective approach to feminism and empowerment of women within a predominantly male culture in Salomonsen (2002). Although they both believe that they belong to a traditional group, they are well aware that their group does not incorporate traditional spiritual practice. According to Carol, their religious framework descends from the Gardnerian wicca and was founded in 2004. Like most traditional groups, they reject the prejudice of modern culture and religions that teach intolerance and hate. For Chris and Carol, the interpretation that wicca is a religion incorporating witchcraft is a falsity. My Findings Clearly the wiccan religious movement that existed in different countries after the repeal of the Witchcraft act originated from the pre-christian paganism practice. Guided by their own principles and standards under a non-formal doctrine they have created solidarity among themselves. But without a centralized organization, they have suffered religious denominational separation as conflicts arise regarding their beliefs and ethics. Commonly, as constant arguments evolved, other practitioners tend to separate and convene with other groups who are agreeable to their norms and standards. The agreement on the particular aspect of wiccan practice however upholds against the wrongful persecution and notion that the wiccans practice witchcraft, sorcery and other demonic acts. Wiccans also believe that there is a tremendous need to create a balance between masculine and feminine gender. They worship God, and other Christian teachings and integrate this with the elements of Wicca which includes respect for nature, caring about the environment, celebrating at solstices, equinoxes and harvest festivals. The conflicting beliefs about deity found in the two religions might be difficult as most Christians regard themselves as monotheists and believe in the Holy Trinity, composed of the Father God, the Son Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. The Wiccan belief though is under a duo theistic deity structure of a Goddess and a God according to Rountree (2002). There is no actual variance with each other as long as the Wiccan beliefs is not equated and compared with the conservative Christianity.

Joy Luck Club: In depth behind Tan and her Writing :: essays research papers fc

The Joy Luck Club was her first big success and was translated into seventeen languages and stood at New York Times best-seller list for nine months. The plot follows the lives of four Chinese Immigrant mothers and their American born daughters. Tan weaves an intricate story as the the four families intertwine and reveal their own secrets forming and strengthening the mother daughter bond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story begins on one daughter, Jing-mei, who takes the place of her mother at the Joy Luck Club table in place of her mother (Suyan Woo) who had died. This club was created by the four mothers of the story, Suyan Woo, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Ying-ying St. Clair during the war. The mothers met and played Mah-Jong, ate good dinners, and gambled. All to escape the cruelties of their lives, to brighten their spirits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jing-mei learns of her mother's past, of her difficult decisions such as leaving behind two daughters in China on the side of the road. The club learns of the location of those two daughters and are saving to send Jing-mei to meet them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the date nears each mother recalls in vivid detail their own pasts in China.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An-mei (mother of Rose Hsu) as a child was forbidden to speak her mother's name. She was told her mother dishonered the family by remarrying after her husbands death. Her mother ends up killing herself to give An-mei a better position in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lindo (mother of Waverly Jong) had her marriage arranged when she was very young. The young man she was destined to wed was spoiled and immature. Lindo fabricated a an elaborate story about an angry ancestor who would kill her husband should they stay married. She was given money and pushed off to America and was told to not speak of the curse to anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ying-ying (mother of Lena St. Clair) discovered as a child that the magic and wonder of many things she believed in such as a favorite Moon Festival was only an elaborate act. As an adult Ying is a strong character, not letting things in general affect her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The daughters also remember their own lives growing up in California with their Chinese mothers. Many of the daughters grew up, like Tan, feeling they belonged neither in China nor in America and began to reject and question their own background.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waverly was a chess champion, she quit when she and her friend

First Aid and Buttercups Cc Pin

Name: Kirsty Beale Nursery: Buttercups CC PIN: MU2. 4 Contribute to Children and Young People’s Health and Safety 3. 1 Identify non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work setting * Fires * Flooding * Loss of property * Lack or loss of electricity,gas,water and heat * Data loss * Breach of confidentiality * Legal issues * Personal relationships * Bad management * Bad planning . 1 Identify the signs and symptoms which may indicate that a child or young person in injured or unwell. * Temperature over 37. 5c * Unresponsive * Lethargic * Nausea * Vomiting * Dizziness * Difficulty breathing * Rash * Diarrhoea * Chronic Headaches * Stomach pains 4. 2 Identify circumstances where children or young people may need urgent medical attention. * Broken bones * Unconscious/unresponsive * Shallow Breathing Asthma attack * Temperature over 80c * In severe pain * Dislocation * Confusion * Allergies * Chocking 4. 3 Outline own role and responsibilities in the event of a ch ild or young person requiring urgent medical attention. If I found a child showing any of the above symptoms I would evaluate what the symptoms are to the treatment needed if non-emergency I would immediately alert the appointed first aider so the child’s care can proceed. Related reading: Situations That Require Urgent Medical AttentionIf the child needs more substantial medical care an ambulance will be called and the parent/carer of the child will be informed what is wrong and where the child will be, when the situation is under control the settings medical forms will be filled out for legal purposes. 6. 2 Describe Personal Protective Clothing that is used to protect spread of infection. * Disposable gloves * Disposable aprons * Wounds to be dressed properly * Appropriate clothing and footwear to be worn * Body piercing’s covered or removed * Offensive tattoo’s covered or removed * Hair tied back

Case Study Economics †Microsoft and Monopoly Essay

Microsoft has monopoly in PC operating systems, Windows operating systems which are used` in more than 80% of Intel based PC’s. This market has high technological barriers. Threat to Microsoft is not from new operating systems but from alternate products such as browsers, which are new softwares that can be used with multiple operating systems and can also act as an alternative platform to which applications can be written. This posed a threat to Windows monopoly and perhaps its long-term existence. Initially Microsoft had tried to subdue competition by asking for explicit market sharing agreements with competitors (such as Netscape). A failure to do so, allegedly, led Microsoft to adopt anti-competitive strategies. This led to a set of consolidated civil actions against Microsoft in 1994 by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and twenty U.S. states. DoJ alleged that Microsoft abused monopoly power in its handling of operating system sales and web browser sales. Issues: The issue central to the case was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle its flagship Internet Explorer (IE) web browser software with its Microsoft Windows operating system. Bundling them together is alleged to have been responsible for Microsoft’s victory in the browser wars (specifically Netscape) as every Windows user was forced to have a copy of Internet Explorer. It was further alleged that this unfairly restricted the market for competing web browsers (such as Netscape Navigator or Opera) that were slow to download over a modem or had to be purchased at a store. Underlying these disputes were questions over Microsoft’s allegedly anti-competitive strategies – to impose high entry barriers – including forming restrictive licensing agreements with OEM computer manufacturers, entering into exclusionary agreements with ICPs and ISPs, altering its application programming interfaces (APIs) to favor Internet Explorer over third party web browsers, restricting alterations to its boot up sequence and active desktop, and above all Microsoft’s intent in its course of conduct .i.e. to kill competition by any means and deprive consumers of product choice, especially in browsers, by discouraging innovation. Microsoft’s Anti-competitive Strategies: 1. Microsoft invested money to develop, test and promote IE for free to all users. In competition to Netscape browsers which was being sold for a price. They even paid some customers to use IE instead of Netscape browser. 2. Microsoft put a condition to PC manufacturers to license, preinstall and distributes IE on every Window PC. By this, they were able to distribute IE on every PC by tying up IE to Windows 95, which was a monopoly version. 3. This was extended to the Windows 98, successor of Window 95, misusing their operating system monopoly to exclude competition and deprive customer of free choices. They made removal of IE from Windows 98 technically more difficult. 4. Microsoft restricted all OEM’s to remove any part of IE software or to add any other browser in the pc in a more prominent or visible way. So OEM’s are deprived of the choices they can make about which browser should be offered to customer. 5. Microsoft entered with anti competitive agreement with all largest and most popular ISP’s and OSP’s. It gave the list of ISP’s in folders with OS that enabled users to subscribe to their services and substantial value to ISP’s. 6. Microsoft entered anti competitive agreement with ICP’s to not pat or compensate his competitors for the distribution, marketing or promotion of the ICPs’ content, to not promote any other to inhibit competition. This way Microsoft precluded competition on the merits between Microsoft’s browser and other browser, used Windows operating system monopoly to extend to Internet browser market, and maintained Windows operating system monopoly. Microsoft stated that the merging of Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer was the result of innovation and competition, that the two were now the same product and were inextricably linked together. Also, the consumers were now getting all the benefits of Internet Explorer for free. Those who opposed Microsoft’s position countered that the browser was still a distinct and separate product which did not need to be tied to the operating system, since a separate version of Internet Explorer was available for Mac OS. They also asserted that IE was not really free because its development and marketing costs may have kept the price of Windows higher than it might otherwise have been. The case was tried before U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson. While the initial verdict went against Microsoft, the verdict was overturned on appeal. Nonetheless, EU recently found Microsoft guilty of anti-trust conduct and slapped a fine of US$1.3 billion in 2008, the largest fine ever imposed on a company.

Marxism will not return as a major ideology in the 21st century

Marxism will not return as a major ideology in the 21st century Introduction During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a world view theory referred to as Marxism (Player 165). So far, this theory has been severally reviewed by other scholars and political philosophers who have offered their own perspectives. Some of the inherent perspectives that have been developed to date include eco-socialism, Marxist humanism, feminism and Christian Marxism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism will not return as a major ideology in the 21st century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a theory, Marxism has four main elements that are closely related and which may largely assist towards understanding how society transformed as well as evolved over the years especially among the capitalist economies. As a matter of fact, some of the elements of change that have characterized transformation in society include materialistic approach to history, social class divisions, d ialectical approach to historical changes and commitment to socialism (Player 166). It is also imperative to underscore the fact that during the very 19th century period, Marxism was adopted as the main ideology in running the communist’s governments that were spreading all over the world. Initially, the ideology was first introduced in Canada by the British intellectuals and as a result, it ended up dominating the ideals and major principles of the socialist parties in the country (Player 165). However, it is evident that Marxism began to stagnate in the 20th century due to several interconnected reasons. We may also not ignore to mention that since Marxism theories have been critiqued by scholars, certain pieces of opinions have also developed which tend to assert that these theories may not be suitable in the 21st century (Hundelson 259). This paper explores some of the theories on Marxism and argues that the latter may not be suitable or applicable in the 21st century. A brief overview of Marxism It is apparent that, in order to understand why Marxism is not suitable as a major ideology in the 21st century, it is important to have an overview of what the theory is all about. It is also worthy to mention that, the proponents of Marxism targeted to fight self- emancipations that existed among the working class people. In a more subjective manner, it also aimed at eliminating any form of domination of the bourgeoisies against the poor in society. As a result, Marxism gradually progressed and came up with movements that fought against all forms of domination by virtue of gender, race and social class. According to the Marxists’ view, the only way of decimating manifold domination and exploitation was through liberating the working lass from being oppressed by rich employers. In the process, Marxism gave birth to a socialism movement that was destined to eradicate all forms of institutional sadism. Meanwhile, in the process of destroying the conce ntration of power among specific classes of people in society, Marxism aimed to empower and strengthen workers’ movements (Row thorn 26). Karl Marx and Friedrich had already realized that workers freedom was greatly limited by the wealthy elites (Keynes 9).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, they proposed to enhance it by expanding the capacity of collective action thus increasing possibilities for individual intensification within the society. Karl Marx argued that workers freedom could not be enhanced by limiting their autonomy but rather facilitating individual participation in the economy (Rowthorn 26). In this case, the freedom was to be achieved by use of a theoretical approach. In addition to this, Marxism applied practical critiques through political actions (Hundelson 261). Therefore, the theorist mobilized masses of people to oppose certain manifold dominations. However, since Marxism had different faces, there were no specifically set principles in the sense that no face could embody any historic achievement in the entire process. In this case, the movement and its integral concerns adopted the name of its key proponent namely Karl Marx. Meanwhile, irrespective of the many contributions of Marxism’s, the movement has several shortcomings. Criticisms of the movement have originated from a political point of view. In other words, democratic socialists declined to accept the views of Marxism on the issue of socialism (Rowthorn 34). According to Karl Marx, socialism could only be achieved through class conflict and grassroots, revolution. Contemporarily, there are very few supporters of Marxist ideology as opposed to other movements such as liberalism and democracy. Moreover, the basic fundamentals of Marxism that have been criticized by thinkers creating a negative illusion in peoples mind (Sowell 112).That not wi thstanding, it is imperative to understand why the theory was highly criticized as a major ideology of the century. Critiques of Marxism Considering the intellectual basis of Marxism, one of the main fundamentals was on historical materialism. According to Karl Marx, advancement in technology and modes of productions impact a change on the social relations (Keynes 8). However, this view has some limitations because it fails to consider the superstructure of the society. Such factors include ethnicity, culture, religion and political views. According to this view, Karl Marx tends to overlook both the real and perceived causes of economic underdevelopment. With Marxism, there is a general perception that material factors such as technology are the main causes of economic decline. He bases economic development on law, politics, morality and religion. According to Marxist critics, Karl Marx oversimplified nature of the society on their impact on economic development (Rowthorn 26). The c ontroversy here is that, the theory does not bring out clearly whether it is the material factor or the superstructure of the society that influence development. Furthermore, thinkers have argued that though Marxism theory is testable there is lot of falsified facts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism will not return as a major ideology in the 21st century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is arguable that the issue of historical materialism is very narrow to act as a pedestal for indulging the complexity and numerous power structures. In this case, there is a conventional twist that rules out the scientific status of Marxism. In the 21st century, we need a theory that will emphasize on the possible factors that are responsible in enhancing development (Player 165). It is also vivid that Marxism does not put into consideration the role and effect of governments on the capitalist system of productio n. Karl Marx asserts that economic investors and businessmen need monopoly over their businesses (Rowthorn 43). While the latter approach towards economic empowerment sounds awesome, Marxists did not consider that capitalism can collapse the very economy it defends and that exclusive monopoly could result to social revolution. Instead, Karl Marx perceived capitalistic monopoly as, an inherent tendency towards to overcome fiscal and ecological crises (Keynes 7). Moreover, he perceived that capitalist system would eradicate poverty, unemployment, disparity, disaffection and environmental destruction once every individual was given an opportunity to participate in production. Karl Marx fails to understand that, capitalist system can not collapse on its own but as a result of resource depression (Hundelson 264). However, it is evident that when businesses monopolize the market forces it can be dangerous and this requires the government to regulate the market forces. Failure to regulate investments results to capitalism system reaching its final stage. Optimum trust and monopoly in businesses affect the regular and natural mode in which the economy is run by the government (Sowell 117). In another words, total monopoly eradicate government regulation through unionization and legislations. Predictably, thinkers argue that such a state can result to economic collapse in a country. In this case, if the theory is applicable in the 21st century, there is n way we can overcome problems associated with monopolistic nature of the current investments (Sowell 120). Additionally, Marxism theory assumes that there are other factors other than the economy that that drives history (Keynes 12). According to some thinkers, considering economy as the only drive for history may be quite a narrow and oversimplified way of revisiting such a theory.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Needless to say, economy as a factor cannot be used to explain the history of civilization (Sowell 118). Thinkers feel that, in order to understand civilization, we need to use superstructures of a particular society in order to examine the struggles and achievements up to the contemporary period (Keynes 8). Moreover, though Karl Marx figures out human superstructure as source of underdevelopment, it is vivid that, in as much as man needs freedom he requires a bit of barbarism such as tribalism and racism. This helps him to explore himselves and finally establishes his identity. This implies that, to some extent conflict is inevitable and thus important in shaping man’s destiny. In one way or the other, conflict triggered competition, responsibility and increased human experience. Due to this reason, anarchists feel that, 21st century deserves a more realistic theory that will put into account the idea of self-realization. Finally, thinkers and scholars perceive that Marxism is vulnerable to corruption by the fact that all the means of productions are at the hands of private citizens (Sowell 112). As mentioned earlier, the fact that Karl Marx assumed the role of government in regulating production, the effects is that there will be no revenues to run a state. Lack of strict regulation of wealth by the government will deprive the state from getting funds obtained from taxes (Govind 75). This also gives people the freedom to conduct businesses on their own means and thus some wealth might be created through unethical strategies. In this case, anarchists find this theory unsuitable since it will bring revolutions that have the exact nature of those that they are struggling to overthrow. Considerably, Marxism creates ample conditions for the socialists who destruct the normal nature of a state (Keynes 18). This implies that, the anarchist campaign against Marxism reduces its chances to return as a major ideology in the 21st century. Conclusion To recap it a ll, it is factual that Marxism is outdated and can hardly stand as a major ideology in the progressive and dynamic 21st century socio-political and economic life. Although Karl Marx’s theory appears consistent, the assumptions are extremely disputed. This has been attributed by the complex errors and ambiguities identified when the theory was being analyzed by scholars. Furthermore, Marxism has failed to provide an accurate theoretical framework that can rescue the world states from capitalist totalitarianism. Indeed, even the existing framework lacks coherence and means of accessibility especially among developing countries. Proactively, the 21st century era demands a theory that is independent of religious and close-minded fanatics. Govind,  Rahul.  Equality, Right, and Identity: Rethinking the Contract through Hobbes and Marx. Telos, 1.154  (2011):  75. Hundelson, Richard . Poppers Critique of Marx. Philosophical Studies 37 (1980) 259- 70. Keynes, Anderson.  Not Just Capital and Class: Marx on Non-Western Societies, Nationalism and Ethnicity. Socialism and Democracy,  24.3  (2010):  7-23. Player,  Job.  On Marx: An Introduction to the Revolutionary Intellect of Karl Marx.   Capital Class,  35.1  (2011):  165-167. Rowthorn, Bob. Skilled Labor in the Marxist System. Bulletin of Conference of Socialist Economists, 8 (1974) 25-45. Sowell, Thomas. Marxs Increasing Misery Doctrine. American Economic Review, 50.1(1960): 111-20.

How to Cram for the ACT 10-Day, 4-Point Prep Plan

How to Cram for the ACT 10-Day, 4-Point Prep Plan SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve found this article, I assume it’s crunch time, and your ACT test date is in the next couple weeks. If you do not fall into this category (you have a bit of time- one month or more- before your test date), you can still read this guide for some study strategies, but I recommend you take advantage of all the time you have by spreading your ACT preparation out. Don'twaituntil the last 10 days to cram. Thoughquality matters in your ACT prep, quantity is also important: you have to invest a lot of time if you want to see big improvements. You can make a lot of progress in 10 days, butyou need to dedicate the necessary time to improve your ACT score.In this guide, I’ll walk you through the steps to raiseyour score by up to four points in just 10 days. WARNING:Don't use this rushed studyprogramunless absolutely necessary. If you have time to take the ACT again,doquick basic preparation for this test date and then follow a more extensive study program for the next test date. Consider trying PrepScholar or another ACT preparation program before your next ACTtest date. This guide on how to cram for the ACT outlines a very challengingplan that requires a lot ofdedication to work. You'll have to be seriously committedto see major improvements. All that being said, if you do decide to follow this plan, I've outlined two preliminary steps below, followed by the ACTcram plan itself. Get Your ACT Practice Materials Make sure to order a copy of The Official ACT Prep Guide, also known as the Red Book. It’s relatively inexpensive (around $20) and vital to your preparation. You should probably get it overnight shipped to you. The book has three real ACT tests for your practice. If you can’t afford the book (and even if you can), then you should print yourself copies of these free ACT PDFs. I’ll tell you how and whento use them below. Create an ACT Study Schedule Make a strict study schedule and don’t stray from it. You only have 10 days to jump four points, so 30 minutes per day of preparation is not going to be enough. At PrepScholar, we recommend fitting in about 40-80 hours of ACT preparation for a four-point score improvement. You need to fit that study schedule into 10 days. While completing 80 hours of preparation in 10 days will be basically impossible (even more so if school’s in session), you also won’t need 80 hours of studying since, in this shortened time frame, you’ll have the advantage of not forgetting any test technique. I’ve created a sample ACT study schedule below that fits in about 60 hours of prep into the 10 days before the test. Day # of Hours to Study Wednesday 5.5 Thursday 5 Friday 5 Saturday 10 Sunday 10 Monday 5 Tuesday 5 Wednesday 5 Thursday 5 Friday 5 Saturday 0- Take the Test! If you’re doing this ACT cram plan during summer break, great! You’ll have tons of time to dedicate to this schedule. If you’re attempting this schedule during the school year, you’ll need to put your ACT preparation before all else. Remember, it’s only 10 days! I’ve outlined the ACT study plan for each day below. 10-Day ACT Study Plan Before you dive into the waters of ACT cramming, look over each day of this plan to make sure you have all the materials you'll need handy for each day. There's nothing worse than sitting down for an intense study section only to realize you needed to print something out and you're out of paper. Note: This study plan is designed for students who are taking the Saturday ACT. If you're taking the ACT on Sunday or during the week, you may have to adjust some of the timing a little bit so that the 10-hour study days fall on weekends and not weekdays. Day 1: Wednesday- 5.5-6 Hours Learning Objectives: Get familiar with the test format, pick an ACT target score, and take a practice test. Get Familiar With the ACT Format- 20-30 Minutes If you’re familiar with the test format, you’ll have a huge advantage over other test-takers. Read these guides for an overview of ACT format: What is the ACT? A Complete Explanation of the Test What Is the ACT Out Of? How Do You Calculate ACT Score? Raw and Scaled ACT Rules and Regulations: What You HAVE to Know You should read these guides so that you’ll know what’s tested on each section of the test and how your final score is calculated. Both of which are important to know so you understand ACT strategy. Pick Your ACT Target Score- 30 Minutes If you don’t already have an ACT target score, you need to pick one. I won’t go into depth about this process here because we’ve already got another great article on determining the right target score for your dream school. However, the brief summary of how to choose a target score is to aim for a number at or above the 75th percentile score for admitted students at your target college. Why pick a target score? Picking a specific score will help you stay motivated during your ACT cram session. Write down your target score somewhere you’ll see it every day (like on your desk), and tell your parents the number. Seeing it every day and telling other people your target score will make you more motivated to reach it. Take a Practice Test- 3 Hours and 35 Minutes If your copy of The Official Prep Guide hasn’t arrived, you can take a practice test using these free ACT PDFs.Read the rules on how to get the most realistic practice test experience before getting started. You want realistic practice so that you’re prepared for what the conditions will be the day of the test. You don’t want to be surprised the day of the test. Review and Analyze Your Practice Test- 1 Hour When you’re done, review your practice test following the steps outlined in our other guide and review your essay using the ACT Writing rubric. NOTE: I’m having you take and review your ACT Essay for this first practice test. After this test, if you scored an 8 or better, I’d encourage you notto waste your time with any more practice essays. Your ACT Essay is not factored into your overall composite score. Your composite score is what colleges typically look at on your application. Since the ACT Essay does not affect this score, it’s a waste of your limited time to keep practicing it. However, if you’re not getting your score up to 8 or above, you may want to keep practicing it. While it doesn’t affect your composite, a very low essay score (at or below 4 or 5) may worry admissions officers that your writing skills aren’t up to their standards. Once you’ve completed your basic review, analyze your results: Which section was your weakest? Why was it your weakest? Were your issues mainly not understanding the content or did you make more careless errors? Did younot understand the questions? Did you run out of time? If you can’t easily determine which is your weakest section (if your four section scores- English, Reading, Math, and Science- were all similar), try to pick the section in which you answered the most questions incorrectly because you didn’t understand the information necessary to answer the question (e.g. youdidn’t know the formula you needed for a Math question). I suggest this method to determine which is your weakest section because information issues are impossible to fix without studying. However, they’re also the easiest kind of problem to fix because all you need to do is learn the necessary material. Determining your weakest section is important because it tells you what to prioritize in your prep. Don’t worry: you’ll still learn the techniques/strategies for the other sections, but you’ll start with your weakest section. Day 2: Thursday- 5 Hours Learning Objectives: Learn the strategies for your weakest section and apply them to a practice test. Now that you’ve determined which section is your weakest, you’ll learn the strategies for that section and practice applying them. NOTE: I’m providing links to all of the guides you should read to help with strategy and content knowledge for your weakest section. It’s a lot of material, so try to prioritize the topics within each section that you need the most help in. If there's a topic you aren't missing any questions on, don'tworry aboutreading that guide. For instance, if youaren't missing any inferencequestions, you should notread theinference questionguide. Prioritize the guides: start with the overall strategies, then check out guides on your weakest content areas (forinstance, if you got all of the slopequestions wrong in the Math section, start by reading the guide to slopes). Try to read the guides for all of the topics within each section if you have time. If you don’t have time to read it all in these two hours, don’t worry, simply bookmark the articles you didn’t get to read. I set aside time another day in the schedule to review the rest of the articles. Learn the Strategies- 3 Hours NOTE: The Ultimate Guide articles below reference other articles you should be reading. You should read every article mentioned within each Ultimate Guide. However, I've also highlighteda few key articles that youcannot miss. Reading The Ultimate Prep Guide to ACT Reading: Strategies, Tips, and Practice ACT Reading: The #1 Critical, Fundamental Rule The Best Way To Approach The Passage On ACT Reading Stop Running Out Of Time On ACT Reading 4 Top ACT Reading Strategies English The Ultimate Study Guide for ACT English: Tips, Rules, Practice, and Strategies The Top 9 ACT English Strategies You Must Use ACT English Prep: The Best Methods and Strategies The 8 ACT English Tips You Must Use in Your Prep Full Analysis of ACT Grammar Rules: Which are most important? Math Overall Strategy How to Actually Use Your ACT Math Formulas The 31 Critical ACT Math Formulas You MUST Know Plugging in Numbers: A Critical SAT/ACT Math Strategy Plugging in Answers: A Critical SAT Math/ACT Math Strategy Pre-Algebra/Elementary Algebra Complete Guide to Integers on ACT Math (Advanced) The Basic Guide to Integers on ACT Math Complete Guide to Fractions and Ratios in ACT Math Single Variable Equations in Algebra: ACT Math Strategies Probability Questions on ACT Math: Strategies and Practice Statistics on ACT Math: Strategies for Mean, Medium, Mode Intermediate Algebra/Coordinate Geometry Algebra Functions on ACT Math: Lesson and Practice Questions Lines and Slopes: ACT Math Geometry Review and Practice Systems of Equations on ACT Math: Algebra Strategies and Practice Problems Sequences on ACT Math: Strategy Guide and Review Algebraic Operations on ACT Math: Strategies and Formulas Plane Geometry/Trigonometry Triangles on ACT Math: Geometry Guide and Practice Problems Circles on ACT Math: Geometry Formulas and Strategies Lines and Angles in ACT Math: Review and Practice Reflections, Rotations, and Translations: ACT Geometry Strategies and Practice Polygons on ACT Math: Geometry Formulas and Strategies Solid Geometry on ACT Math: The Complete Guide Science The Ultimate Study Guide for ACT Science: Tips, Practice, and Strategies The Best Strategies for Reading ACT Science Passages The Only Actual Science You Have to Know for ACT Science Time Management Tips and Section Strategy on ACT Science The 9 Reasons You Miss ACT Science Questions Essay How To Attack ACT Essay Prompts and Raise Your Score ACT Writing Rubric: Full Analysis and Essay Strategies Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours Whichever your weakest section, sit for a 35 to 60-minute practice section (varies by section). You can either print out one of the sections from these free ACT PDFs or use the Official ACT Test #1 if the book has arrived. After you’ve taken the section, review usingthe steps outlined in our other guide that you used for your first practice test.See what areas you’ve improved in and what still needs work. Day 3: Friday- 5 Hours Learning Objectives: Learn the strategies for another section and try to apply them to a practice test. Learn More Section Strategy- 3 Hours Pick between your other three sections (English, Math, Reading, or Science) and read all of the articles listed above for that section. If you’re doing extremely well in the section you’re choosing to focus on today (you scored at or above 32 on your first practice test), I’d encourage you to use one of the following guides for your study instead of the other guides: How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT Reading: Strategies from a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT English: 9 Strategies from a Perfect Scorer The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours For the section you’ve chosen, sit for a 35-minute to 1-hour practice section (varies by section). Use the corresponding section from the same test (Red Book test #1) you did a section from yesterday, so you can save your complete practice tests for use later on. After you’ve taken the section, review using the steps outlined in our other guide. Day 4: Saturday- 10 Hours Learning Objectives: Complete your strategy learning by studying the remaining two sections that you haven’t covered. Take and review practice sections for each. Learn the Third Section Strategy- 3 Hours Choose between your remaining two sections (English, Math, Reading, or Science), and read all of the articles listed above for that section. As I said above, if you’re doing extremely well in the section you’re choosing to focus on today (you scored at or above 32 on your first practice test), I’d encourage you to use one of the following guides for your studyinstead of the other guides: How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT Reading: Strategies from a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT English: 9 Strategies from a Perfect Scorer The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours Take a 35-minute to 1-hour practice section with realistic testing conditions. Again, use the corresponding section from the same test you did a section from yesterday and the day before (Red Book test #1). Conserve your full-length practice tests for later in the week. Again, review using the steps outlined in our other guide. Learn the Final Section Strategy- 3 Hours Whatever remaining section you haven’t covered (English, Math, Reading, or Science), and read all of the articles listed above for that section. As I said above, if you’ve scored high in that section (at or above 32 on your first practice test), use one of the following articles for your studyinstead of the other guides: How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT Reading: Strategies from a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT English: 9 Strategies from a Perfect Scorer The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours Take a 35-minute to 1-hour practice section with realistic testing conditions. Again, use the corresponding section from the same test you did a section from yesterday and the day before (Red Book test #1). Conserve your full-length practice tests for later in the week.Again, review using the steps outlined in our other guide. You’ve now completed a second entire practice test (broken up over a few days).Compare your second test scores to your scores from your first test. Where did you improve? Where did you make the same mistakes? If you have time, go back and re-read the appropriate articles to help you learn from your mistakes (for example, if you got a few ACT Math Triangle questions wrong, make sure to reviewthat article). Day 5: Sunday- 10 Hours Learning Objectives: Complete your second practice test, review, and determine where you still need improvement. Take Your Second Full-Length Practice Test- 3 Hours and 45 Minutes Make sure to use a new (not partially used) full-length practice test from the ACT Red Book or these free ACT PDFs. If you have the Red Book, use test #2.As you did for the first test, copy the real testing conditions. Review and Analyze Your Second Practice Test- 2 Hours As always, review your answers and your mistakes. Take the time to compare the results to your other tests. Did you improve? In which areas are you still struggling? Topic Refresher- 4 Hours Go back to the articles listed above and re-read those for the topics withwhich you’re still struggling.Create flashcards if you need more help learning grammar rules or math formulas and test yourself with them. If you’re close to mastering all of the sections (scoring at or above a 32),and you haven’t read the below guides yet, checkthem out now: The 21 Hardest ACT Math Questions Ever The Hardest ACT Reading Questions Ever The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them The Most Common Mistakes You Make on ACT English Day 6-10: Monday-Friday- 5 Hours Per Day Learning Objectives: Take and review a practice test each day. If you have the Red Book, use test #3 on Monday, then use the free ACT PDFs for Tuesday-Friday.Keep using the real testing conditions. Spend three hours taking the practice test (without the essay) As always, do detailed reviews using our other guide. Spend about two hours reviewing and referring back to our other articles listed above if you’re not seeing improvement in certain areas. Your race is over! Day : Saturday- 0 Hours It’s ACT test day! Go to bed early the night before, so you get a full eight hours. Pack your test ticket, calculator, pencils, erasers, extra batteries, snacks, water, etc. the night before, so you’re not rushing to find it all in the morning. Set your alarm for at least an hour before you need to leave for your testing center. That’ll give you time to eat a big breakfast and wake up. Read a newspaper article or chapter from a novel to get your brain going. Relax! You’re going to do great! What’s Next? Not sure where you want to go to college? We willhelp you do college research the right way. Do you know where you want to go to college? Figure out what ACT score will give you the best chance of admission. Trying to figure how you will afford college? Check outour complete guide to paying for college. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: