Cartel Theory of Oligopoly Essay

A cartel is characterized as a gathering of firms that gets together to settle on yield and value choices. The conditions that offer ascent to an oligopolistic advertise are additionally helpful for the arrangement of a cartel; specifically, cartels will in general emerge in business sectors where there are scarcely any organizations and each firm has a critical portion of the market. In the U.S., cartels are unlawful; notwithstanding, globally, there are no limitations on cartel development. The association of oil sending out nations (OPEC) is maybe the most popular case of a universal cartel; OPEC individuals meet routinely to choose how much oil every individual from the cartel will be permitted to deliver. Oligopolistic firms join a cartel to expand their market force, and individuals cooperate to decide mutually the degree of yield that every part will deliver as well as the value that every part will charge. By cooperating, the cartel individuals can carry on like a monopolist. For instance, if each firm in an oligopoly sells an undifferentiated item like oil, the interest bend that each firm faces will be flat at the market cost. Assuming, nonetheless, the oil-delivering firms structure a cartel like OPEC to decide their yield and value, they will together face a descending slanting business sector request bend, much the same as a monopolist. Truth be told, the cartel’s benefit amplifying choice is equivalent to that of a monopolist, as Figure 1 uncovers. The cartel individuals pick their joined yield at the level where their consolidated peripheral income rises to their consolidated minimal expense. The cartel cost is controlled by showcase request bend at the degree of yield picked by the cartel. The cartel’s benefits are equivalent to the zone of the rectangular box named abcd in Figure 1 . Note that a cartel, similar to a monopolist, will decide to create less yield and charge a more significant expense than would be found in an entirely serious market. When set up, cartels are hard to keep up. The issue is that cartel individuals will be enticed to undermine their consent to constrain creation. By delivering more yield than it has consented to create, a cartel part can build a lot of the cartel’s benefits. Subsequently, there is a worked in motivation for every cartel part to swindle. Obviously, if all individuals cheated, the cartel would stop to acquire imposing business model benefits, and there would not, at this point be any impetus for firms to stay in the cartel. The tricking issue has tormented the OPEC cartel just as different cartels and maybe clarifies why scarcely any cartels exist.

Pen Pals: Based On X-files Characters :: essays research papers

Friends through correspondence: Based On X-Files Characters Forward: This story was composed dependent on the X-Files characters made by Chris Carter and Ten Thirteen creations. Not the slightest bit this story is being utilized to encroach or criticize these characters or the X-Files TV arrangement. The story depends on my hypothesis of what befell Agent Fox Mulder's sister at the point when she was a youngster. As per the authors of the X-Files, this story has no association to what truly happened to Samantha Mulder when she was a youngster, as nobody truly knows the entire story. As the arrangement unfurls, we will ideally get familiar with what occurs. I have presented my story to the journalists and makers of the X-Files through the Internet in trusts they will utilize my story in a future scene. This story is additionally accessible over the Internet on my landing page so others can see it at their relaxation. The thought for this story has been in the rear of my brain before I was doled out this task. I have consistently cherished the X-Files since it debuted and inside the past year, I have presented my accounts, thoughts, and recommendations to the authors of the X-Files. Shockingly, none of my thoughts have been chosen. Bunches of action with respect to the X-Files goes on over the Internet, and through conversations are the place I get a great deal of my thoughts for the narratives that I compose. =============================================== June eighth, 1996 6:58pm- Washington, DC, Scully's Apartment Dana Scully showed up home to discover a bundle sitting in the passage outside her entryway. Inquisitive, she got it and tucked it under her arm while she let herself into the condo. Once inside, she set the crate enveloped by earthy colored paper down on her feasting table and left it there while she hung up her jacket and kicked off her high heels. Mulder would be coming over later to examine the case they were right now dealing with, however up to that point, she needed to unwind. She made herself some hot espresso and conveyed both it and the bundle with her over to the couch. She saw that her mom's arrival address was on the name. I wonder what this could be? She didn't state she would have been sending me anything. Dana put her tea down and tore the paper open. Inside she found a fairly old, exceptionally comfortable shoebox with an envelope taped to the top. She opened the envelope what's more, read the letter her mom had encased. Dear Dana, I discovered this when I was experiencing some crates in the storage room and nearly tossed

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing? Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing?Is this a “flammable” and “inflammable” situation, because we’ve been burned by that before. Literally.Instead of doing that thing where a blog post asks a question and then makes you read like half the article before answering it, we’re just going to get to the point: No. “Bad credit” and “no credit” are not the same thing.So what’s the difference?“No credit history means you’ve never borrowed money from a financial institution. Bad credit means you have borrowed money from a credit provider but made some financial mistakes in the past. Either way, they are both not ideal,” says Natasha Rachel Smith, a personal finance expert at TopCashback.com. “No credit is typically seen amongst high school and college students, and also with people who have been misled to think all forms of credit are bad.Remember that FICO scores exist on a scale from 300 to 850. (The higher the number, the better the score.) Having bad c redit means having a FICO score of 620 or belowâ€"all the way down to 300. Having no credit means you don’t even have a score at all.According to Kerri Moriarty, Head of Company Development at Cinch Financial, “Having “bad” credit means you’ve demonstrated some kind of negative behavior in the context of your credit historyâ€"it could be anything from missing payments, to carrying a very high balance compared to your available credit, opening a lot of new lines of credit at once, or filing bankruptcy for example.”Moriarty says that “Having no credit means that there is no information available that a lender can use to evaluate your ability to borrow money and repay in a responsible fashion. Just because you have no credit, doesn’t mean you have bad credit â€" it just means that the bank doesn’t know anything about you in the context of credit and that’s a risk in itself, just like the risk of lending to someone with bad credit.”Simon Zhen, a research analyst at MyBankTracker says that “All kinds of people can have bad credit but it doesn’t mean that they are bad people. You can be wealthy with high income and still have bad credit. Common reasons for bad credit include personal bankruptcy, identity theft, and missed payments. It’s very easy to forget a bill and that can lead to a significant drop in your credit score.”Who has bad credit? “Bad credit affects people that have had trouble meeting payment obligations in the past, whatever the cause,” says Liran Amrany, cofounder and CEO of Debitize. “There are typically people that have taken credit in the past, whether through a mortgage or credit card, and failed to pay their amounts due on timeâ€"though there are many other factors than can impact your credit as well.”“In fact,” says Amrany, “some people struggle from bad credit simply because they use most of their credit lineâ€"and making more frequent payments or asking for a credit line increase can often help her e.”According to Moriarty, it’s an unfortunate reality that “those with lower incomes are most susceptible to bad credit because their financial situations often leave them with no other option to make ends meet than financing the purchase using credit if they can’t afford it today.She adds, “Those that need the financing options the most end up paying the most for them.”Moriarty adds that “underbanked consumers also tend to fall in the lower income category which creates a terrible cycle of keeping them in the “no” credit category because they don’t have the assets today to establish credit that they can then prove they are responsible with.”Who has no credit?According to Ian Atkins, an analyst and staff writer at Fit Small Business, having no creditâ€"also known as having “thin” creditâ€"primarily affects three groups: young adults, those new to the US, and those who never utilized credit.Here’s what he has to say:“Young adults often have thin credit. Unless you have a parent who is especially clued in on how important good credit habits are, its likely that you graduate with no credit. After high school, though, youll typically have opportunities to start building credit. Credit card offers, cell phone plans, apartment leases, auto loans, student loansâ€"theyll all start building the foundation of your credit history.”Studies have shown that Millennials who came of age during the housing crash and great recession have tended to be very wary of credit. While their reluctance to take on excessive debt should be applauded, their reluctance to utilize credit accounts could prevent them from establishing their creditâ€"and those delays could cost them in the long run.”“Those new to the US (immigrants, exchange students, etc.) will have no credit. Differences in national laws and reporting mean that credit scores essentially stop at the border. While that has little impact on tourists, it can be a real problem for those who will be staying in the U.S. for extended periods or for those who will be calling the U.S. home. Regardless of how creditworthy you are in your country of origin, the US credit bureaus will have you showing no credit. And that can mean big issues renting an apartment, getting approved for credit cards, and even getting cell phones.”“Some folks just dont ever really have a reason to utilize credit and therefore never really build up a credit profile. Sometimes this is a spouse who relies on their partner to handle all the finances and was never placed on joint accounts. Sometimes this is someone who has always preferred to deal in cash. Youd be surprised how many very successful, high net-worth individuals have thin credit simply because theyre old school and only deal in cash. This avoidance of credit isnt really a problem, until it all of a sudden is.”How can I build my credit?According to Smith, “Thankfully, there is an easy solution to build a credit score. If you have no cre dit, you can apply for a secured credit card to start contributing data to your credit history. Secured credit cards require a security deposit that acts as all or part of your credit limit. They are the easiest form of lending to qualify for if you don’t have a credit history.”Amrany says that “The steps to improving your credit if you have bad credit, or building credit if you have no credit, are actually not that different. The best way to do either is to get a credit card and use it responsibly.”“Make sure you keep your utilization low and pay your bills on time,” he says. “If you cant qualify for a credit card, you can always start with a secured credit card. Within six months, you should be able to qualify for a better, unsecured credit card. If youre nervous about using a credit card, Debitize can help. Debitize covers your credit card purchases every dayâ€"just like a debit cardâ€"so you can build credit and earn rewards without worrying about debt, interest, o r late fees.”Zhen also recommends that folks with no credit can “be added as authorized users on the credit lines of other people. This links the strong account history to their credit reports until they can qualify for credit on their own.”How can I improve my bad credit?According to Zhen, the first step towards improving your credit “is to remove errors or dispute any inaccuracies that are leading to negative marks on your credit report. This could entail contacting banks, lenders, and credit bureaus to sort out the problem.”Here’s some good news: You’re actually entitled to one free copy of your credit report per year from each of the three major credit bureaus. Just visit annualcreditreport.com to request a copy.To remedy bad credit, Moriarty suggests that you take steps to establish a strong repayment history.“With whatever you have available, like your current credit cards, you want to begin spending a little bit on them each month, so that you can pay off the balance in full, month after month, until you’ve demonstrated to the lender you are good at making payments on time,” she says. “35% of your credit score is determined by your payment history, and it’s the most important factor that the bureaus use to determine your credit score.”Moriarty also recommends working on your outstanding credit card balances, as “30% of your score is based on your utilizationâ€"which means the amount you’re spending (and possible carrying as a balance) on the card compared to the total credit limit. ““The rule of thumb is not to exceed 30% of your total credit limit, she says, adding, “This is tricky, because your total credit limit amount is more important than the actual amount of debt you owe. It’s not that the company cares how much you’ve spend, they just worry when it looks like you’re spending almost all of your available credit because it sends a signal that you are really strapped for cash.”“Negative marks fall off y our credit report after 7 years,” says Zhen. “So stay consistent with your good credit behavior and your credit will recover just fine.”Are you having trouble with your credit score? Check out our other blog posts on this subject, and tell us if there’s a question or topic you’d like us to answer in a future piece! You can find us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsLiran Amrany (@LiranAmrany) is the co-founder and CEO of Debitize, a personal finance app that gives users credit card perks without the risks of debt, interest, or late fees. Debitize (@Debitize) is compatible with any credit card and works by automatically paying off your purchases every day just like a debit card. Liran has a Masters in Financial Engineering from UC Berkeley and, prior to founding Debitize, spent 9 years as a derivatives marketer at JPMorgan.Ian Atkins (@FitSmallBiz) is an analyst and staff writer for Fit Small Business. He covers sma ll business finance with a focus on traditional and alternative small business lending. Ian has over 9 years working in personal and small business finance.Kerri Moriarty  (@CinchFinancial) is part of the founding team at Cinch Financial, a Boston-based startup building autonomous fiduciary software. Prior to Cinch, she worked as a financial advisor helping individuals plan their financial lives in the long and short term. Being one of those mysterious millennials, she manages most of her life across 5-6 apps on her phone and recognizes no such technology exists for her everyday financial decisions. Big companies have CFO’s working for them â€" why shouldn’t you? That’s where Cinch comes in.Natasha Rachel Smith (@TopCashBackUSA) a Personal Finance Expert at TopCashback.com, is based in Montclair, NJ. Natasha’s background is in retail, banking, personal finance and consumer empowerment; ranging from sales to journalism, marketing, public relations and spokesperson work during a 17-year career period. She’s originally from London, UK, but moved to Montclair, New Jersey, USA, several years ago to launch and run the American arm of the British-owned TopCashback brand; a global consumer empowerment and money-saving portal company.Simon Zhen  (@SimonZhen) is a research analyst for MyBankTracker  (@mybanktracker), a website that focuses on helping people find the best banks and financial accounts based on their unique relationship with money. He is knowledgeable in consumer banking, deposit accounts, credit cards, and general personal finance topics.

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing? Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing?Is this a “flammable” and “inflammable” situation, because we’ve been burned by that before. Literally.Instead of doing that thing where a blog post asks a question and then makes you read like half the article before answering it, we’re just going to get to the point: No. “Bad credit” and “no credit” are not the same thing.So what’s the difference?“No credit history means you’ve never borrowed money from a financial institution. Bad credit means you have borrowed money from a credit provider but made some financial mistakes in the past. Either way, they are both not ideal,” says Natasha Rachel Smith, a personal finance expert at TopCashback.com. “No credit is typically seen amongst high school and college students, and also with people who have been misled to think all forms of credit are bad.Remember that FICO scores exist on a scale from 300 to 850. (The higher the number, the better the score.) Having bad c redit means having a FICO score of 620 or belowâ€"all the way down to 300. Having no credit means you don’t even have a score at all.According to Kerri Moriarty, Head of Company Development at Cinch Financial, “Having “bad” credit means you’ve demonstrated some kind of negative behavior in the context of your credit historyâ€"it could be anything from missing payments, to carrying a very high balance compared to your available credit, opening a lot of new lines of credit at once, or filing bankruptcy for example.”Moriarty says that “Having no credit means that there is no information available that a lender can use to evaluate your ability to borrow money and repay in a responsible fashion. Just because you have no credit, doesn’t mean you have bad credit â€" it just means that the bank doesn’t know anything about you in the context of credit and that’s a risk in itself, just like the risk of lending to someone with bad credit.”Simon Zhen, a research analyst at MyBankTracker says that “All kinds of people can have bad credit but it doesn’t mean that they are bad people. You can be wealthy with high income and still have bad credit. Common reasons for bad credit include personal bankruptcy, identity theft, and missed payments. It’s very easy to forget a bill and that can lead to a significant drop in your credit score.”Who has bad credit? “Bad credit affects people that have had trouble meeting payment obligations in the past, whatever the cause,” says Liran Amrany, cofounder and CEO of Debitize. “There are typically people that have taken credit in the past, whether through a mortgage or credit card, and failed to pay their amounts due on timeâ€"though there are many other factors than can impact your credit as well.”“In fact,” says Amrany, “some people struggle from bad credit simply because they use most of their credit lineâ€"and making more frequent payments or asking for a credit line increase can often help her e.”According to Moriarty, it’s an unfortunate reality that “those with lower incomes are most susceptible to bad credit because their financial situations often leave them with no other option to make ends meet than financing the purchase using credit if they can’t afford it today.She adds, “Those that need the financing options the most end up paying the most for them.”Moriarty adds that “underbanked consumers also tend to fall in the lower income category which creates a terrible cycle of keeping them in the “no” credit category because they don’t have the assets today to establish credit that they can then prove they are responsible with.”Who has no credit?According to Ian Atkins, an analyst and staff writer at Fit Small Business, having no creditâ€"also known as having “thin” creditâ€"primarily affects three groups: young adults, those new to the US, and those who never utilized credit.Here’s what he has to say:“Young adults often have thin credit. Unless you have a parent who is especially clued in on how important good credit habits are, its likely that you graduate with no credit. After high school, though, youll typically have opportunities to start building credit. Credit card offers, cell phone plans, apartment leases, auto loans, student loansâ€"theyll all start building the foundation of your credit history.”Studies have shown that Millennials who came of age during the housing crash and great recession have tended to be very wary of credit. While their reluctance to take on excessive debt should be applauded, their reluctance to utilize credit accounts could prevent them from establishing their creditâ€"and those delays could cost them in the long run.”“Those new to the US (immigrants, exchange students, etc.) will have no credit. Differences in national laws and reporting mean that credit scores essentially stop at the border. While that has little impact on tourists, it can be a real problem for those who will be staying in the U.S. for extended periods or for those who will be calling the U.S. home. Regardless of how creditworthy you are in your country of origin, the US credit bureaus will have you showing no credit. And that can mean big issues renting an apartment, getting approved for credit cards, and even getting cell phones.”“Some folks just dont ever really have a reason to utilize credit and therefore never really build up a credit profile. Sometimes this is a spouse who relies on their partner to handle all the finances and was never placed on joint accounts. Sometimes this is someone who has always preferred to deal in cash. Youd be surprised how many very successful, high net-worth individuals have thin credit simply because theyre old school and only deal in cash. This avoidance of credit isnt really a problem, until it all of a sudden is.”How can I build my credit?According to Smith, “Thankfully, there is an easy solution to build a credit score. If you have no cre dit, you can apply for a secured credit card to start contributing data to your credit history. Secured credit cards require a security deposit that acts as all or part of your credit limit. They are the easiest form of lending to qualify for if you don’t have a credit history.”Amrany says that “The steps to improving your credit if you have bad credit, or building credit if you have no credit, are actually not that different. The best way to do either is to get a credit card and use it responsibly.”“Make sure you keep your utilization low and pay your bills on time,” he says. “If you cant qualify for a credit card, you can always start with a secured credit card. Within six months, you should be able to qualify for a better, unsecured credit card. If youre nervous about using a credit card, Debitize can help. Debitize covers your credit card purchases every dayâ€"just like a debit cardâ€"so you can build credit and earn rewards without worrying about debt, interest, o r late fees.”Zhen also recommends that folks with no credit can “be added as authorized users on the credit lines of other people. This links the strong account history to their credit reports until they can qualify for credit on their own.”How can I improve my bad credit?According to Zhen, the first step towards improving your credit “is to remove errors or dispute any inaccuracies that are leading to negative marks on your credit report. This could entail contacting banks, lenders, and credit bureaus to sort out the problem.”Here’s some good news: You’re actually entitled to one free copy of your credit report per year from each of the three major credit bureaus. Just visit annualcreditreport.com to request a copy.To remedy bad credit, Moriarty suggests that you take steps to establish a strong repayment history.“With whatever you have available, like your current credit cards, you want to begin spending a little bit on them each month, so that you can pay off the balance in full, month after month, until you’ve demonstrated to the lender you are good at making payments on time,” she says. “35% of your credit score is determined by your payment history, and it’s the most important factor that the bureaus use to determine your credit score.”Moriarty also recommends working on your outstanding credit card balances, as “30% of your score is based on your utilizationâ€"which means the amount you’re spending (and possible carrying as a balance) on the card compared to the total credit limit. ““The rule of thumb is not to exceed 30% of your total credit limit, she says, adding, “This is tricky, because your total credit limit amount is more important than the actual amount of debt you owe. It’s not that the company cares how much you’ve spend, they just worry when it looks like you’re spending almost all of your available credit because it sends a signal that you are really strapped for cash.”“Negative marks fall off y our credit report after 7 years,” says Zhen. “So stay consistent with your good credit behavior and your credit will recover just fine.”Are you having trouble with your credit score? Check out our other blog posts on this subject, and tell us if there’s a question or topic you’d like us to answer in a future piece! You can find us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsLiran Amrany (@LiranAmrany) is the co-founder and CEO of Debitize, a personal finance app that gives users credit card perks without the risks of debt, interest, or late fees. Debitize (@Debitize) is compatible with any credit card and works by automatically paying off your purchases every day just like a debit card. Liran has a Masters in Financial Engineering from UC Berkeley and, prior to founding Debitize, spent 9 years as a derivatives marketer at JPMorgan.Ian Atkins (@FitSmallBiz) is an analyst and staff writer for Fit Small Business. He covers sma ll business finance with a focus on traditional and alternative small business lending. Ian has over 9 years working in personal and small business finance.Kerri Moriarty  (@CinchFinancial) is part of the founding team at Cinch Financial, a Boston-based startup building autonomous fiduciary software. Prior to Cinch, she worked as a financial advisor helping individuals plan their financial lives in the long and short term. Being one of those mysterious millennials, she manages most of her life across 5-6 apps on her phone and recognizes no such technology exists for her everyday financial decisions. Big companies have CFO’s working for them â€" why shouldn’t you? That’s where Cinch comes in.Natasha Rachel Smith (@TopCashBackUSA) a Personal Finance Expert at TopCashback.com, is based in Montclair, NJ. Natasha’s background is in retail, banking, personal finance and consumer empowerment; ranging from sales to journalism, marketing, public relations and spokesperson work during a 17-year career period. She’s originally from London, UK, but moved to Montclair, New Jersey, USA, several years ago to launch and run the American arm of the British-owned TopCashback brand; a global consumer empowerment and money-saving portal company.Simon Zhen  (@SimonZhen) is a research analyst for MyBankTracker  (@mybanktracker), a website that focuses on helping people find the best banks and financial accounts based on their unique relationship with money. He is knowledgeable in consumer banking, deposit accounts, credit cards, and general personal finance topics.

Jules Ferrys Speech On Imperialism - 828 Words

According to the content section of this chapter Imperialism, means, â€Å"the subjugation, domination, and exploitation of almost the entire globe to the economic and political needs of one region (Europe), a development unprecedented in human history. To a neutral viewer this may appear like a beneficial idea. During the 1800s and early 1900s, Imperialism was seen as a benefit to some and others did not see it as this. Many European nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, as well as some other nations were gaining land. Many people had opposing views regarding imperialism. Those who were in favor of imperialism often argued that it was beneficial based on nationalism, economic gains, the fervor missions of the Christians,†¦show more content†¦Jules Ferrys idea about making the trade better is a great idea, but unfortunately would not work like he thinks. The other country would not be willingly let imperialists take over. Jule’s speech continues wi th a response from M. Camille Pelletan, an honorable audience member, he states â€Å"What is this civilization which you impose with can- non-balls? What is it but another form of barbarism? Don’t these populations, these ‘inferior races,’ have the same rights as you? Arent they masters of their own houses? (258). Pelletan jeers and condemns Ferry, but Ferry sticks to his racist ideas and continues to put the inferior races under him. Ferry continues to talk about the superiority he thinks Europe has over everyone. He states, Gentlemen, I must speak from a higher and more truthful plane. (258). Ferry is showing that he thinks he is superior to those he is speaking to and sees himself as a superior to others and that he is above the inferiors. He then continues to make it clear that superiors have control over the inferiors, â€Å"It must be stated openly that, in effect, superior races have rights over inferior races.† (258). Throughout his speech, Ferry tries to show what the positives of Imperialism is, but does not acknowledge the negatives for the expansion and take over of certain territories. The imperialists tried to make arguments that they were bringing onlyShow MoreRelatedJules Ferry Case Study717 Words   |  3 Pages Case Study: Jules Ferry Melissa Elliott Chamberlain College of Nursing HIST 410 Professor Franklin March 06, 2016 Case Study: Jules Ferry 1. According to Ferry, what recent developments in world trade have made it urgent for France to have colonies? As an imperialist, Jules Ferry felt that France should be exploring and taking over new nations. He claimed colonial expansion was a great need that had become extremely urgent by the people and industrialized population of Europe (Kleinman, 1897)Read MoreEuropean Views On Non Europeans1324 Words   |  6 Pageson non-European peoples and cultures reflected the intellectual changes of the period. Europeans learned to accept the non-Europeans mainly due to the Enlightened Absolutism that had occurred where enlightened absolute monarchs allowed freedom of speech, religious toleration, and right to hold property. Some causes that resulted in the intellectual change could’ve been the Europeans were influenced by the way a person lived/lifestyles of the non-Europeans, Nationalism, and superiority. In the earlier

Evaluate the View That Operation Barbarossa Was the Major...

Evaluate the view that Operation Barbarossa was the major turning point of the European War. As the European War progressed, early German advances and gains were decreasing by the mid-years of the war as it became evident the tide was turning against the Axis powers and in favour of the Allies. Operation Barbarossa and the entire Russian campaign can be seen as one significant turning point that helped to change the course of the war and yet it can be argued that this was not the sole and most major turning point. The Battle of Britain in the air war and the Battle of El Alamein in North Africa have also been labeled as turning points in the war due to their significance and the contribution they have equally played, along with Operation†¦show more content†¦Undoubtedly, the air war had a significant impact on the course and outcome of the war and so in particular the Battle of Britain can be labeled as another turning point. Hitler knew that Britain would have to be dealt with as their operation could hinder German’s plans to takeover Eastern Europe and so h e proposed a plan for Operation Sea-Lion, to invade Britain. For this to be possible however, Hitler knew that Germany needed to have control of the air which under Goering, the Luftwaffe attempted to do. From July to August in 1940, major raids and attacks were undertaken on parts of Britain such as an airfield used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and anywhere else of significant economic or military importance to Britain. In late August the RAF responded to these attacks by launching a minor attack on Berlin and despite the fact that the German command was running out of aircraft and pilots, Hitler in fury ordered the Luftwaffe to switch its attack from airfields to London itself. In the Battle of Britain Germany lost over 1200 planes whereas the RAF had only lost 688, Germany failing to gain air superiority. This was due to several reasons, mostly attributed to the superior skills of the RAF over the Luftwaffe. The RAF was fighting over home territory which meant they could easily r efuel as opposed to the Luftwaffe, RAF pilots also showed immense skill and courage. Taylor

Sociology - 1220 Words

Family is a set of relationships The main tension we have talked about is the how the family exists in reality and how we view the family We organize ourselves as families because of economics, continuity, communication, convenience and efficiency The myths from the textbook are that marriage is universal, family harmony, you are what your family is, and the stable past The three revolutions: Post industrial – life and modernity, evolution of life, altered family with technology, work moved outside the home Old family had a lot of kids and worked on farms then had less kids and went to work (rural to urban) Life course revolution – advances in medicine and vaccines, family and people live longer, have less children and†¦show more content†¦it allowed men and women to live together without the rules of society forcing them to get married, it applied to dating because the date became less informal and then the hookup came into play cohabitation rose because there was an uncertainty about marriage, less stigma about living together, and the availability of birth control also less religious constraints and it was more practical with marital work the women tends to do all the work despite the reproduction of gender norms and the sexual revolution and women’s movement 50% of people who cohabitate marry marriage is cultural and structural DOMA – defense of marriage act Marriage – micro – 2 marriages in every marriage (his and her versions) two distinct gender based experiences which lead to power Marriage – macro – variables that shape the individual experience job, location, region, religion, children and the economy 3 reasons why marriage has changed – no universal form, family is a system and is always in flux, and changes are not for the better or worse there just different a rise in divorce lead to a rise in single parents help should be provided for children and single parent families monetarily 86% of kids go to the mother after a divorce pessimists view divorce – decrease in values, rise in individualism and no gender relation optimists view divorce – last option, work emotional, is gender related patterns of step parenting – negativists – step parents shouldn’tShow MoreRelatedSocial, Sociology, And Sociology857 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals who need that extra support. Social work as a subject area includes elements of psychology, law and sociology. Social policy is the study of various areas of policy, within political or governmental setting, and is concerned with everything from the welfare state, to social services. Social policy is an academic study of theory, rather than current policies and draws from psychology, sociology, philosophy, and economics. What A Levels do I need? Each university will ask for varying grades and tariffRead MoreSociology : The Function Of Sociology951 Words   |  4 PagesSociology Observation Essay Sociology is the study of development and functioning of humans in society, in other words how a person reacts in a certain situation. 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Cosmological Argument free essay sample

Outline the key features of the cosmological argument The cosmological argument tries to answer the question why is there a universe rather than nothing at all? As the argument draws on experience and observation it is synthetic posterior and inductive. With the use of inductive reasoning, it proposes the need for an eternal and necessary cause. Drawing from Platos observation that the universe has to be dependent on a primary mover, which was further developed by Platos greatest student Aristotle through his use of reducto ad absurdum reducing the argument to absurdity). There is also the Kalam argument which tries to prove that the universe must have a cause. Pl : every event has a cause P2: the universe is an event C: God is the cause of the universe The different forms of the cosmological argument include three of the five ways Aquinas proposes in his book Summa Theologica. We will write a custom essay sample on Cosmological Argument or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aquinas first way was the argument of motion, this form of the cosmological argument sprung from the observation that everything is acted upon by something else. Aquinas argued that there cannot be an infinite chain of regression otherwise the universe would not be here, but it is (reducto ad absurdum) and so there must be a primary mover. Aquinas suggested the primary mover is God. Pl: nothing can come from nothing P2: If there wasnt a primary mover there would be no universe (reducto ad absurdum) but we know there is P3: there must be an unmoved prime mover C: the unmoved mover is God The second way of Aquinas is the causation argument. This developed from the fact hat everything has a cause means that there cannot be an infinite regression of causes, there must be one necessary cause that started everything. Aquinas claims this first cause is God. Pl: everything has a cause P2: nothing can cause itself P3: without a first cause there would be no subsequent causes but we know this to be false (reducto ad absurdum) C: God is the first cause The contingency argument is Aquinas third way. This argument is different from the first two ways in the sense that it is formed from the idea that everything is ependent on something prior to it. Aquinas believes that it is not possible for everything to be contingent, so there must be a non-contingent being which Aquinas claims to be God. Pl: things in the world are contingent P2: imagine everything was contingent; then there was one time when everything had passed out of existence (there was nothing) P3: If this was true then there would be nothing now but we know this is not true (reducto ad absurdum) P4: not everything can be contingent; there must be at least one thing that is necessary C: he necessary being is God. Another philosopher who supported the cosmological argument was Gottfried Leibniz. He accepted the argument because he believes that there had to be a Leibniz argued If you suppose nothing but succession of states and will not find any of them sufficient reason. Leibniz rejected an infinite regress along with Aquinas because he did not believe it was a satisfactory explanation for existence. He accepted that God was the first uncaused cause on which everything is dependant.

Social Control Of Cyber Space Essays - Cybercrime, Computer Security

Social Control Of Cyber Space Social Control of Cyberspace B. Pereyra Our nation's infrastructure is daily becoming much more of an abstract environment due to the use of organized cyber criminals hacking away at our super computer information systems. They are generating unpredictable challenges for law enforcement in discovering the unethical abuse on computer systems and a concentration on the young topic of cyber terrorism threatening our criminal justice system. Our law enforcement continues to invent newer methods to function and learn from this new social phenomenon and define cyber terrorism activity as motivation by the rapid growth of technology as a challenge, dominance, and as pleasure to obtain privileged information for illegal use to intentionally harm others and our information networks as well. Therefore, it is of relevance to explore the behavior of a computer hacker and a cracker; including the control, response, and the appropriate measures to combat this new crime wave, and how the academic community, courts, police, and the scient ific government are approaching this radical form of crime. On October 25th, 1983, a hearing was formed by the U.S. Congress on the issue of computer security in the federal government and the private sector. The hearing discussed the level of importance on how serious the United States Government must become in learning to monitor the use of computers and Internet through several knowledgeable witnesses. Susan H. Nycum, an attorney representing Gaston, Snow and Ely Barlett firm's computer high technology group defined computer crime as: any illegal act where a special knowledge of computer technology is essential for its perpetration, investigation, or prosecution (Nycum, 15). Nycum also added before the committee that computer abuse falls into four categories that follow. The first category is abuse like financial fraud and theft, incidents of theft of money from financial institutions or goods from businesses. The second is information fraud and theft. Information can be data, such as business secrets stored in computer systems, valuable to computer programs and data about individuals. The third category is theft of services. For example, systems hackers who use computer time to look around or employees who run entire profitable computer enterprises, such as service bureaus on the company or agency computer systems are examples of this kind of abuse. Lastly, vandalism, where computers have been damaged or destroyed as have databases and programs to perpetrate crimes. In addition, Nycum also points out that computers are involved in several ways as tools or objects for an attack. For example, international terrorists have used bombs and submachine guns to attack at least 28 computer centers of multi national companies and government agencies in Italy and France over the past years. A misguided employee of a U.S. company firebombed a computer of a competing company for the purpose of giving his employer a competitive business advantage. Furthermore, a computer can be the subject of crime by providing the automated mechanism to modify and manipulate new forms of assets, such as computer programs and information representing money. For example, bank frauds have been accomplished by manipulating the system to transfer small amounts of money from one account, which is later withdrawn. This is known as the salami effect, where near the end, after slicing the intruded account, the complete account is exhausted by all the small transfers or withdrawals. Bogus accounts have been created in computerized delivery or accounts payable systems to which goods have been shipped or money paid by financial institutions and retailers. Changes to computerized data have resulted in inflation of inventories in credit ratings, employment reviews, coll ege and school grade records, etc. Lastly, a person can use a computer as an instrument for conducting or planning a crime. A perpetrator modeled his crime on a computer to alert him to the amount of activities he could engage in without attracting attention to his deeds, and later used the computer as a management tool to keep track of the activity, or even aid a stockbroker to produce forged investment statements to show huge profits to deceive his client and steal millions. Thus, the cyber criminal can only use the symbol of the computer to intimidate or deceive others. An example would be to convince his victim that he

My Bicycle

My Bicycle I knew my bicycle was in the old house and that I wanted to get it back. The bicycle had become as much a part of my existence as the clothes I wore to go out. I say to go out, because it represents me, just like clothes.I nurtured the bicycle like a baby, replacing all the worn cables, carefully oiling all the necessary parts, aligning the brakes. Every now and then I stripped down to basics and reassembled it to ensure it was in original working condition. I even manually replaced all of the ball bearings once, a task that almost drove me insane and one that is infinitely more unbearable than replacing a soiled diaper.It was my window to the world, the screen from which I watched life go by, observing the smallest yet all important passing details. It was my sanctuary in the storm and even when it had a flat tyre it was still my best friend.Until the day I had to move to Australia. I sold my bicycle to a man when I had to leave. I tried to find a bicycle that'll replace the one I h ad, but somehow, I just don't like any of them. I just want my old bike back! And today, we landed on Taiwan. It's the first time I came back to Taiwan and the first thing I thought at that time was to look for the bike.There's this old house that bothered me. I knew the bike was in there but don't know why. It was just one of those inexplicable in life you know the things. You know they are there and you know everything about them except the explanation.The light was fading when I finally plucked up courage to approach the...

Economic Development of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Development of China - Research Paper Example It however remains to be termed as a growing economy since its per capita income is still low compared to the other developed economies and its market reforms are still not complete. Many challenges have as well resulted from its rapid economic growth and these include urbanization, high levels of inequality, external imbalance and challenges on the sustainability of the environment. It is also faced with internal labor migration and demographic challenges, which are associated to a high population of an aging population. It therefore requires policy adjustments to see sustainability in growth of China (The World Bank Para 6). The economy of china has attained a significant change over the decades and this was marked by its beginning of economic reforms that took place in 1978. Before these reforms, China had a command economy. This form of economy is also referred to a centrally planned economy whereby all or the major output from economic activities were controlled by the state. The state was responsible for setting the goals of production for the firms, allocated resources throughout the economy and set the operating prices. The individual firms of the households were in the 1950s were joined collectively into communes. In support of industrialization, the government undertook investment in human and physical capital in 1960s and 1970s. Three quarters of the entire industrial production at this time was from enterprises that were owned or controlled by the state and at this time, private businesses and foreign investment firms, which are the multinational companies, were barred. The government at this time had an aim of making the economy of china to be self -sufficient. The government policies held at this time held the economy of China into a state of economic stagnation and inefficiency. Companies, firms and the employees lacked incentives for working hard and improving

Use of Information Technology in Human Resource Planning Essay

Use of Information Technology in Human Resource Planning - Essay Example LITERATURE REVIEW Jacoby, Nason and Saguchi (77) argued that Information Technology is widely used in various departments of an organization in the United States and Japan. They insisted that IT plays a major role in the departments of human resources, aiding in the managerial processes of recruitment of workers and making of job schedules. Another group of researchers; SchoI?nberger and Lazer (221) proposed that the introduction of IT related operations in an organization, especially in the HR planning promotes efficient management and allocation of duties to employees and identification of nonperforming employees as every employee’s tasks are known. The major department of an organization is the HR department argued Haines and Lafleur (525) and incorporation of IT or digitizing the department will increase productivity of the organization by a significant margin. In the Journal of Knowledge Management, Klaila (138) claims that transformation of the information system from manual to digital in the HR department can reduce the bulk of the paper work involved in carrying out different tasks in the department. IT makes it easier to store employee information as it provides secure databases that are only accessible to the authorized parties. As IT has progressed from the old and slow mainframes to much quicker LANs (local area networks), WANs (wide area networks) and the World Wide Web, the business world follows suit in moving from the manual operations to computerized platforms (Ashbaugh and Miranda 144). Planning involves laying down strategies of an organization that are to be followed regarding performing various tasks. The HR department can work in conjunction with other departments in carrying these tasks, for instance, staff training and recruitment and job allocation among others. In order to plan adequately for a foreseeable progress of an organization, good strategies have to be laid down to avoid the failure of an organization. First is finding literature about HR tasks and functions, HR without IT and its implications. Investigate on the transformation process from HR without IT to HR with IT, and finally, how the computerized HR department will affect the planning process of human resources. Research Philos ophy, Approach and Strategy The research is based on phenomenological philosophy describing a number of individual experiences about a phenomenon. In this research, positivism philosophy has been adopted as it provides the researchers with a clear view of the current system in comparison to the old system. It focuses around the actual facts that exist in the IT introduction from the researcher’s point of view, coming up with related conclusions on what should and should not be done to ensure a successful IT incorporation in the planning process of the human resources. This philosophy allows the researcher to provide their own views about how IT is beneficial to human resource planning, while directly correlating their views to the current deliverables of the system. The research also takes a deductive approach since it works from a proven theory that IT helps in human resource planning, sampling different rules and already proven facts about our theory through collection of d ata on these facts, then use these data to back up

Mitchells Fruit Farms: A history of company growth

Mitchells Fruit Farms: A history of company growth Mitchells Fruit Farms Limited is the oldest and most trusted Food Company in Pakistan. Since starting its operations in 1933, the Company has gone from strength to strength, and its wide variety of products has inundated breakfast tables with farm-fresh consumables, straight from its orchards in Renala Khurd products of a high standard, enriching the lives of millions of people with all the goodness of nature for a healthy lifestyle. Today Mitchells family continues to grow, reaching more and more households worldwide with an ever-increasing array of farm-fresh products ranging from thirst-quenching Squashes Syrups; fruity Jams, Jellies and Marmalade; rich Tomato Ketchup savory Sauces; tasty Pickles; refreshingly nutritious Canned Fruits Vegetables; and a wholesome assortment of Candies Chocolate from its wide range of confectionery products. Francis J. Mitchell arrived in Bombay from Scotland at the end of World War I. He had been invited by his brother who was already established in North Western India as a contractor to the government for construction of the railway network in this part of the subcontinent. At that time, when Francis was already an old man of over sixty years, an opportunity came his way in the form of the emerging irrigation system being laid out in the canal colony districts of West Punjab. He was successful in obtaining the lease of 720 acres of agricultural land in the then Montgomery district. The area allotted to him extended for nearly seven miles from Renala Khurd to Kissan, sandwiched between the arterial lower Bari Doab Canal and the Lahore/Karachi railway. He initiated the business of growing grapes for eventual sale as dried raisins and sent his younger son Richard to Australia for training at Mildura which was well known as a centre of specialisation in the field of horticulture. The The company, with Francis Mitchell as its Governing Director and his two sons Leonard and Richard as Directors, was incorporated in 1933 and given the name Indian Mildura Fruit Farms Ltd. The North Western Railway had opened to traffic a few years before the acquisition of the land by the Mitchell family. Francis Mitchell was asked by the railway authorities to propose a name for the adjoining station. Hence the word Kissan which subsequently became a familiar brand name. The trial planting of grapes, which began in 1921 and lasted until 1924, unfortunately did not prove to be a success. The vines suffered serious damage from pests during the rainy season, just when the grapes needed dry weather for ripening. The entire plantation was replaced with citrus, which, fortunately, proved to be profitable. The elder son, Leonard, was sent specially to South Africa to look for good rootstock, which was the foundation of Valencia orange trees these are well established on the farms today. With the outbreak of World War II, demand for canned fruits and vegetables for the allied troops, stationed in India, began to grow rapidly. To cost-effectively cater to this growing demand, a factory was established in Bangalore, South India. A new joint-stock company by the name of Kissan Products Ltd. was registered. PHASE II: AFTER INDEPENDENCE As a sequel to Independence in 1947, Indian Mildura Fruit Farms Limited lost nearly 75% of its Indian market. The companys name was changed to Mitchells Fruit Farms (Pvt.) Ltd. and the brand name MITCHELLS became the exclusive property of the Pakistani company. Likewise, the Indian company acquired exclusive use of the KISSAN brand name. Francis Mitchell died in 1933 and his elder son, Leonard, became Chairman. After his brothers tragic death in an air accident, Richard took over the chairmanship in 1949 and continued in this capacity until his death in 1987. The family sold its shares gradually, having inducted Pakistani shareholders in 1957, and retired to Eastbourne, U.K., in 1959. Richards wife, Betty, retained her links with the Company in the capacity of Director until 1991. She died in 1995. COMPANYS INFORMATION SALES The national market, particularly in the major cities was saturated with the imported foodstuff. Although foreign fruit preserves, sauces and drinks were visible on the shelves of the largest stores these were not as abundant as imported confectionery, especially various brands of chocolate. It would appear that much of this merchandise continues to be brought into the country through unofficial channels without payment of imported duties. Despite these unhelpful conditions Mitchells were able to achieve a significant increase of over 10% in the sales of confectionery and succeeded at the same time in recording a marginal growth in our traditional groceries business. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE In the beginning they have invested around Rs.29.76 million in putting up modern automated facility in the form of building and machinery. An independent feeder of supply of electric power directly form the WAPDA grid station together with a new standby generator were commissioned in January 2002.at a cost of Rs.14, 535,652.this should result in considerable savings in power bills. Internal cash generation and bank borrowing have met the capital expenditure bill in full. HUMAN RESOURCE Human Resource has also the pivotal importance for the company. Management and employee skills are constantly being updated through training courses and study tours both at home and abroad. Currently Mitchells is operating with 32 executive staff members along with a big sales and labor force RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The success of Mitchells products, and the taste that has been winning consumers hearts for generations, is the result of the Companys ongoing investment in and emphasis on quality control, reinforced by research and development (R D). Both sections closely coordinate with the Marketing and Exports Office in Lahore where product concepts are initiated and passed on to the R D section for formulation. Once the RD section has prepared samples of new products, the Marketing Division carefully carries out product evaluation. QUALITY CONTROL TRAINING Along with R D, the Quality Control section ensures that all our products live up to the consumers high expectations. From selection of the finest fruits, to processing and packaging, quality control plays a key role in keeping a vigilant and unrelenting eye on every step of the process. The Quality Control staff, with a main up-to-date laboratory, two line-control labs for the Groceries and Sugar Confectionery divisions, and an incubation lab, ensures that there is no deficiency in quality standards during production. As the Company considers its employees its most important asset, management skills are being constantly updated by sending executives on training courses and study tours, both at home and abroad. QUALITY POLICY Mitchells Fruit Farms Limited, is committed to produce best quality products meeting our customers requirements at competitive prices, strengthening our position as a quality managed company. To meet this obligation, the company will continue: 1. Updating of employee skills by training 2. Acquisition of new technology 3. Re-evaluation of its quality control and quality assurance system Management. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS EXPORTS At present, MITCHELLS products are being exported to several parts of the world, including UK, USA, and the Middle East. In future the Company is planning to make MITCHELLS a brand name familiar with households in every part of the world. IMPORTS There are certain Mitchells products that are being imported. For example, we import pineapple from Singapore. Only fruit is imported, the rest of the process is done in our farms. Some of the fruit is imported in the form of pulp such as mango. We do grow mangoes in our farms but due to the increasing demand of mango items we have to import some of the quantity from other countries to meet the demand. Sugar is also imported. PRESENT PERFORMANCE OF MITCHELLS The Company passed a major milestone when it went public in 1993, receiving a record subscription for its shares floated on the market. The year 1998, the 65th for Mitchells, brought another major distinction for the Company; the ISO 9001 accreditation, making it the first food company in Pakistan to achieve the honor. Today in Pakistan, Mitchells is the only major company with fully integrated operations having its own growing and processing facilities at one location. Modern high-volume industrial equipment, professional management and a trained workforce ensure that Mitchells maintains its lead. Fully computerized and inter-linked regional sales offices manage burgeoning countrywide sales, with those in major cities, Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad. All the offices are on the Internet/e-mail network ensuring uninterrupted flow of data. Highly qualified executives using modern management tools from the Head Office in Lahore handle commercial, financial and accounting functions. A smooth distribution system with nationwide coverage and consistency of quality have kept the most prestigious national institutions loyal to Mitchells growing product range. These include Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), leading five star hotels and clubs, Utility Stores Corporation, Canteen Stores Department, chains of main stores and established restaurants in major cities. FUTURE PROSPECTS We believe that given the vast agricultural potential of Pakistan, there are bright prospects for the food processing industry, which can helpmeet the nutritional needs of the growing urban population within the country as well as provide a surplus for export. The pre-requisite for such a development is a healthier and expanding economy. We are confident that our company is well placed to derive full benefit for the opportunities as they arise. MITCHELLS OBJECTIVES Mitchells objective is to provide its customer with healthy, innovative and best quality food that will tempt their appetite at all times. Above all, Mitchells also promise convenience variety at affordable prices. VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT 1. To be a leader in the markets we serve by providing quality products and efficient services to our consumers while learning from their feedback to set even higher standards for our products. 2. To be a company that continuously enhances its superior technological competence to provide innovative solutions and superior products as per requirement of the market place. 3. To be a company that attracts and retains outstanding people by creating a culture that fosters openness and innovation, promotes individual growth, and rewards initiative and performance. 4. To be a company which combines its people, technology, management systems, and market opportunities to achieve profitable growth while providing fair returns to its investors. 5. To be a company that endeavors to set the highest standards in corporate ethics in serving society. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS MITCHELLS Mitchells launched its squashes in the year 1941. Mitchells was the sole player in the field of squashes at that time. They were the first movers in rich fruit citrus. They identified the need of, make to drink product. After the proper customer need analysis consistent screening and evaluation by the Mitchells research and development department a totally new product (squashes) was designed in the form of rich fresh fruit citrus .It was a break through innovation They availed the opportunity and gained the first mover advantage. So they get hold of major market share , and with the passage of time they captured the market knowledge and rare resources Mitchells got the competitive advantage because they had the first mover advantage Fully integrated operations. Specially farm fresh fruits with having their own growing and processing facilities Mitchells had professional management and the trained workforce Mr. Richard got training from Australia Mildura at the initial stage A smooth distribution system with nationwide coverage Right products, quality and reliability. Management was committed and confident Mitchells was the pioneer in the field of squashes, they gained massive market share and achieved the positive word of mouth regarding there products as they are made of fresh farm fruits. Target Market: The target market at the time of launch was up to 60 years of age and the core target was 15-30 years of age. Segmentation: They segmented their product on the socio economic classes focusing on- A, B+ and B. Marketing Strategy: As they had the first mover advantage they utilized it fully and initially promoted squashes by newspapers, posters radio channels. But they mainly invested there resources in building there corporate image . MAJOR COMPETITOR SHEZAN: The company was incorporated in 1964 as a Private Limited Company, with the main objective to set up an industrial undertaking for manufacturing of juices, squashes, sherbets, jams, pickles and preserves from fruits and vegetables. Shezan International Limited was conceived as a joint venture by the Shahnawaz Group of Pakistan and Alliance Industrial Development Corporation of U.S.A. The agricultural background of the Pakistani sponsors induced them to establish this agro-based industry. Today Shezan is the largest food processing unit having developed and installed the capacity to meet the countrys local as well as export needs. While introducing a me too product, squashes the major threat was to compete Mitchells, who already got the major market share by capturing rare resources and already gained knowledge of key factors and issues of the market. It was very costly for Shezan to overtake Mitchells.There was a high risk involved in competing with Mitchells fruit Farm Company. Shezan had the advantage to follow the already set product standards of Mitchells regarding research and development. Shezan had the line of action to grab market share by offering high quality and better taste followed by product variety by analyzing the Mitchells squashes. Target Market: Shezans target market is up to 60 years of age and their core target market is 15-30 years of age. Segmentation: They segmented their product on the socio economic classes focusing on A, B+ and B. Marketing Strategy: Launched squashes in 1968-1969. at that time they promote it by newspapers, posters radio. On radio there was a show with the name HIT BREAK the host name was HAMAD. They used market skimming strategy by offering low prices to capture the market share. SHEZANS COMPETITIVE STRATEGY  ·Initially launched only three flavors of squashes which were ( mango, orange and lemon). But in current market it has 6 flavors  (orange, mango, mix fruit, lemon and lemon barley, pomegranate)    ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan was available in 735 ml. glass bottle but now its available in pet bottle of 830 ml  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Complete backward integration in case of this company since it is the only company that has its own sugar mill as well in the name of Shahtaj Sugar Mills, Mandi-bahauddin.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan has the most developed distribution channels network and therefore it has an advantage of reaching maximum customers throughout Pakistan with the help of small retailers as well as larger retailers  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan owns 60% of shelf space in all of the almost 16,000 outlets of Utility Stores  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan is involved in advertisements and low cost promotional campaigns which makes it a very generic brand name in the mind of consumers when they are out shopping for squashes.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan is the largest food processing unit having developed and installed the capacity to meet the countrys local as well as export needs.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan has the highest production capacity as compared to its competitors. MITCHELLS CURRENT STRATEGY Mitchells refreshing Squashes are made from the Farm Fresh Fruits in a hygienic environment keeping in view the health of their valued customers. Mitchells procure raw material from fresh and sun ripened fruits especially grown on their orchards in Renala, they offer a range of energizing natural fruit flavors that promise to liven up your day. Mitchells is the only major food company in Pakistan today with fully integrated operations having its own growing and processing facilities at one location. Modern high-volume industrial equipment, professional management and a trained workforce all combine to ensure that Mitchells continues its dominance as the innovator, market leader and trend setter. In 1998 Mitchells became the first food company in Pakistan to achieve ISO 9001 accreditation, thus becoming more competitive on the international stage also. Squashes has now stagnate growth and product itself is at maturity stage so Mitchells is trying to retain the market share and its loyal customers. Mitchells introduced squashes pet bottles with the quantity 1.5 liter and 810 ml Mitchells squashes are available in seven flavors (orange, mango, mix fruit, pineapple, guava, lemon and lemon barley) Mitchells Diet Squashes are available in eight flavors. Mitchells squashes contain extensive fruit content which is the major differentiation factor. In year 2001 and 2002 they run a biggest campaign for squashes. Mitchells used more than 200 hoardings displayed all over the Pakistan As squashes has stagnate growth and product itself is at maturity stage the company is focusing upon building its corporate image rather than investing solely on squashes advertisements. So they dont want to waste their money on squash ads. Last year Mitchells launched DIET squashes, for NICHE MARKET. POS material of advertisement has only been used to promote it. Mitchells Diet Squashes contain No Sugar and have 90% less calories than Regular Squash Mitchells Diet Squashes are available in two flavors. Diet Mixed Fruit Squash, and Diet Orange Squash Mitchells is using consumer and trade promotion. But mainly focusing on trade promotions. . In Lahore the retailer benefit is 12+1, it means Mitchells give one free bottle to its retailer on the purchase of 12 bottles but on the other side in Karachi the trade promotion policy is 24 + 3 i.e. on the purchase of 24 bottles Mitchells give 3 bottles to its retailers. Thus Mitchells make the use Their unique selling proposition is quality .They never compromise on the quality. Even if they got any complain then they immediately replace it. Mitchelles believes that success of the organization lies in the satisfaction of its customers. Therefore Mitchells has always given first priority to its customers feed back and this they do by the following ways Thorough questionnaire feed back forms Thorough shop keepers Through ISO procedures (CPA, Corrective and Preventive Actions) The feedbacks and opinions of the customers are very useful for them and besides this they study the feedback and try to implement that accordingly. MARKET ANALYSIS The market for Squashes in Pakistan is mainly influenced by branded competitors in this specific product category. These competitors have firm distribution channels.. As a majority of the countrys population is in lower-lower to lower-middle class, this is the reason that people are more price conscious and secondly the also look for the convenience of products due to this reason there is a demand shift observed in the squash industry. The demand of Squashes is now limited only for few months in major areas of country. The Business of Squashes in Lahore is at its peak between May and November So Mitchells play a different strategy as far as region Lahore is concerned but on the other side business in Karachi remains stale and on the same level of graph thorough out the whole year thus Mitchells imply different strategy in terms of Karachi. The reason of this limited demand according to the market analysis is because that you cannot relate squshes with different occasions for example the way red syrup Jam-i-Sheerin and Rooh Afzah are relating themselves to Ramadan and Muharam, another big reason of the limited demand of the Squashes is because of i ts usage which is limited upto a thirst quenching drink but red syrup can be utilized in many ways apart from drinking such as toping, used in milk etc Target market The targeting decision determines which customer group the organization will serve. Selecting good market targets is one of the management most demanded challenges. Mitchells basically design the strategy to target the Social economic class of A B+ grade. But then by the time every class becomes part of their market. There primary focus was A B+ rank but now they target overall market and go for mass market. The reason is from the age group of (3-80) years old people use it as a refreshing and energetic drink. Target approach is being used by the Mitchells in case of Squashes product variety. Here the segments are not clearly defined but extensive target. Target Market Demographics: up to 80 years as target market while core target market includes ages between 15 30. Age: 10 and above Family life cycle: Young, Children, Old people. Psychographics: Middle, Middle Upper, Lower, Lower Upper, Upper class. Benefits: Quality, Rich in taste. Segmentation The concept of one-size-fit-all mass market is no longer relevant. Companies have to define that which segment they are about to target. Few years back, squashes segmentation was on the basis of behioral, life style and usage rate was high but now the potential is not in the market. Even consumption pattern has been decreased due to the entrance of other substitute products. Market needs Talking about the need of market there is a need of those products which are comparatively cheap as well as give ease to consumer. In todays world everyone is in hurry and customer want quick drink and quick food just to save their time. Considering Mitchells squashes need was there few years back when powdered drink and juices and energy drinks were not introduced to the market. So mitchells took the first mover advantage to introduce it though they conducted a research to create a need and capture a major market share at that time. 1. Quality craftsmanship Mitchells never compromise on its quality of fruit. Their squashes have extensive fruit content. There quality remains consistent all the time. 2. innovations As Mitchells company felt that customer are now very health continuous so they introduce DIET SQUASHES last year with the slogan lose weight not taste. But they have introduced it for the niche segments only. They even didnt use promotion activities for these innovations. 3. customer services As each and every company are trying to have good relationship with the customer. So in this regard if they got any complains related to their products they replace it without wasting the time of customer. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION MEASUREMENT: The success of the organization lies in the satisfaction of its customers. Therefore Mitchells has always given first priority to its customers feed back and this they do by the following ways Thorough questionnaire feed back forms Thorough shop keepers Through ISO procedures (CPA, Corrective and Preventive Actions) The feedbacks and opinions of the customers are very useful for them and besides this they study the feedback and try to implement that accordingly. Market trends Trends are changing rapidly, so nobody knows the customer who will buy our product today will buy it tomorrow as well as or not. At this time quashes are in MATURITY stage. The reason is because it takes relatively more time in getting ready instead of other new drinks. So there is still not any hope to create a new market in this industry. The only strategy Mitchells is using just to retain their existing customer and not looking for new customers. Its basically depend that customer is loyal to the product or not. The customers who are heavy users of squashes might not be shift to other substitute because they are loyal to it. Market growth Now there is no more growth in squashes industry due to consumer preferences and other factor is customer are very price conscious now. They want to have instant drinks to save their time but at cheap rates. So market has been shifted due to other drinks like powdered drink, instant drink, juices and red syrup. So now squashes are lying in CASHCOW because it gives money but not further growth. As Mitchells is the pioneer and still leader in the market so contain major share of market so far. BCG MATRIX SWOT analysis of Mitchells Strengths Fully integrated operations Having its own growing and processing facilities Modern high-volume industrial equipment Professional management and a trained workforce A smooth distribution system with nationwide coverage Right products, quality and reliability. Management is committed and confident Weaknesses Customer lists not tested Some gaps in range for certain sectors Customer service staff needs training More budget needed for Human Resource Development Opportunities Mitchells can continue its dominance as the innovator Can maintain its position as market leader Can also continue to be a trend setter International and domestic market expansion Introducing new verities of food products Local competitors have poor products End-users respond to new ideas Can surprise competitors Threats Political instability International Financial crises Challenge of work force diversity Changing technology and concept Legislation could impact Retention of key staff critical Possible negative publicity Market demand very seasonal SWOT analysis of squashes Strength: power of quality which remain consistent. Weakness: price and cost of ingredients used in squashes. Opportunity: can define more segments like introduce squashes in small bottles so reach customer buying power. Threat: all the substitute drinks. Picture of squashes: Competition analysis The competition is very fierce among the competitors so Mitchells always get the first mover advantage and still the leader of market. It has major share in the market. Direct competitors: Shezan squashes Indirect competitor: red syrup, instant drinks Market shares Mitchells 40% Shezan 38% Kinza 11% Others 11% Positioning strategy We provide high price, high quality premium product. Our market share in only Lahore is 30% for squashes. More than 50% of the area of the shelves in the stores is covered from Mitchells squashes. Position: We focus on positioning because it is important for developing the image that our product projects in relation to our competitors products (shezan).   Positioning in relation to a competitor: We place our products directly against the competitors products. this strategy is suitable for us because we have a solid differential advantage against our competitor Positioning in relation to a product class or attribute: We sell our product with the slogan We provide farm fresh quality drink And consider it to be our competitive edge against our competitors and for the same reason we focus on this attribute claiming that since we have our own farms we provide you with the squashes made of fresh fruit. Positioning by price and quality: We consider our squashes to be a premium product. That is high quality, high price. All our customers buy them due to brand loyalty. They know that they are getting something that is worth what they are paying. Marketing mix Product Strategy: It is a consumer product. Initially it was a convenience product but due to the massive demand shift observed in the market the customers are more eager to buy ready to drink products. Sugar Confectionary NEW LAUNCHES: Mitchells Diet Squashes Mitchells refreshing Diet Squashes are made from the Farm Fresh Fruits in a hygienic environment keeping in view the health of our valued customers. Our Diet Squashes contain No Sugar and have 90% less calories than Regular Squash. Mitchells Diet Squashes are available in two flavours.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diet Mixed Fruit Squash, and  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diet Orange Squash Product life cycle: Pricing Strategy: Mitchells pricing goal is to increase sales volume and maintain or increase the market share. In order to seek higher sales volume we often apply discounting techniques or other aggressive pricing strategies. Mitchells had charged premium price due to there brand image in the market for a long time. But, due to shift in demand it has become almost to its competitors. They cannot afford to fall below certain level of prices as they have to maintain certain profit level. At this point they are facing tough competition because one glass of squash costs 7.5 Rs on the other hand the price of powdered drink is 5 Rs per glass. Cost of 810 ml of bottle of Squash for retailer (including tax) = 71 bottle Cost of 810 ml of bottle of squash for consumer (including tax) = 82 bottle Profit margin = 11 bottle. Cost of 1.5 liter of bottle of squash for retailer (including tax) = 227.5 bottle Cost of 1.5 liter of bottle of squash for consumer(including tax) = 244 bottle Profit margin = 16.5 bottle Distribution Strategy Mitchells adopted the channel-Structure Strategy for distribution. They believe that product should be distributed directly from manufacturer to customer or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. They sell their products sometimes directly and sometimes they sell their products through retailers. Like in Lahore they need to sell thei

Death Penalty :: essays research papers

One of the most controversial debates that rages constantly in this country is the argument over whether capital punishment should be outlawed. There are two basics arguments within the debate over capital punishment: First is the question of whether capital punishment is moral, or more simply put, whether it is right. And second is the question of whether capital punishment is constitutional. Although the death penalty has come far into the forefront recently, the constitutionality of the death penalty is not a new question. The death penalty has never been outlawed nationally per se, but for a period in the mid 1970's the Supreme Court changed the rules about capital punishment so that it was nearly impossible for a state to put a prisoner to death under any circumstances. The problems that death penalty opponents have with capital punishment can be found in the Bill of Rights, or more specifically, the fifth and eight amendments. The fifth amendment gives every citizen of the United States the right to "due process of law", meaning full access to courts and proper representation, etc. Many believe that a great number of inmates on death row have not been given due process, and that no one should be put to death if they have not been given their right to it. The eighth amendment bars the government from doling out any "cruel or unusual punishment" to its prisoners. Although it is certainly debatable whether execution is cruel and/or unusual, many believe that it is, and therefore is a violation of the eighth amendment. There are many facets to this argument, and even an updated Supreme Court ruling is unlikely to quell the debate. There is also another very contentious point in the debate over capital punishment. Obviously, the penalty of death is the most final punishment possible. Many death penalty opponents say that the capital punishment should never be used in a case where the jury or judge is not 100% sure of guilt. They say that, because it is impossible to ever be 100% sure about anything, the death penalty should not be used when someone might be innocent.

Case Study Panera Bread Essay

Synopsis Panera Bread is a casual made-to-order fast food restaurant that offers specialty breads, sandwiches, tossed salads and soups. Established in 1981, with 1,562 company owned and franchised locations, Panera Bread has moved into the forefront of the restaurant business, and has strategically penetrated the market while acquiring a robust amount of loyal customers. Most of the restaurants offer the choice of indoor and outdoor dining. A fireplace inside the restaurant is appealing to many customers during the winter months, of whom are looking for a hot cup of coffee and a place to read their newspaper or book. Coffee, tea, and soda are offered with free refills, and water with lemons is complementary. Indoor tables, free refills, and comfortable tables/chairs make Panera Breads establishment a functional study place for college kids. Every restaurant is well staged with elegant displays of their specialty baked products, making it nearly impossible not to indulge. This fast growing res taurant has maintained a competitive edge due to their appealing interior design, neutral dining environment, fresh baked goods, fresh coffee and tea, made-to-order foods with possible drive-through capabilities, customer rewards card, tables equipped with electrical outlets, and efficient service. Panera Bread establishments, undoubtedly, offer an experience that can only occur at Panera Bread. Resources Panera Bread has a driving concept to provide a premium specialty bakery and cafà © experience to urban workers and suburban dwellers. Attractive & appealing menu Nationwide leader in the bakery-cafà © segment High ratings in customer satisfaction studies Good brand name Fresh dough operations & sales to franchised stores Initial success in catering Good franchisees – higher sales in franchised stores compared to company-owned Financial strength of the company – able to grow without taking on too much debt Capabilities Panera bread offers an upscale fast casual dining experience. Panera operates in three business segments: company owned bakery-cafà © operations, franchise operations, fresh dough operations. Every restaurant is well staged with elegant displays of their specialty baked products, making it nearly impossible not to indulge. This fast growing restaurant has maintained a competitive edge due to their appealing interior design, neutral dining environment, fresh baked goods, fresh coffee and tea, made-to-order foods with possible drive-through capabilities, customer rewards card, tables equipped with electrical outlets, and efficient service. Core Competencies Panera has created a casual but comfortable place where customers could eat freshly baked sandwiches, soups and salads without worrying about whether or not it is nutritious. The company is designed to visually reinforce the distinctive difference between its bakery-cafes and those of its competitors. Management of corporate and franchise growth, as well a deep sense of community involvement and the desire to give back to community, further solidify Panera’s placement as something different in today marketplace. Panera’s deep sense community can be seen as Panera gives away leftover bread to homeless shelters and collects money for other charitable causes such as the Operation Dough-Nation program. Finding of Fact #1 The Panera Bread Company does not have an aggressive marketing strategy and aims to let customers discover Panera on their own. Panera’s service is not as fast as other fast-food companies and charges higher prices. Panera has higher prices than rivals, which could be due to their operating costs. Panera has expanded in the past years but the locations are concentrated geographically. Recommedation#1 Panera has opportunities to continue their success in the fast casual industry. They can try to control operating costs that might be out of hand or unnecessary. The company should consider expanding into new markets and  expanding geographically, even internationally. Products can continually be made based on current food trends. The peak hours at Panera are breakfast and lunch, efforts could be made to attract a larger dinnertime rush. I think that they should apply dinner specials so that more customers come in during that time; this would be to increase sales during dinner times. Another idea is for online ordering, for the customers on the go. This way they can have a higher turnover rate when it comes to waiting in lines. Finding of Fact #2 Panera Bread operating cost is too high. Recommendation #2 Another thing that I would recommend Panera do, instead of making their dough at bakeries, Panera makes their dough at their stores. This could eliminate the middleman, and possibly eliminating excess materials in the process (including a reduction in transportation costs). This could potentially help their bottom line. Making low operating costs for a fast casual industry will prove successful. In an industry that has easy substitutes it is important to cut down overhead prices to make the most from your sales. Integrating vertically could cut operating costs making profit increase. Finding of Fact #3 Panera Bread management needs to strengthen the company’s competitive position. Recommendation #3 I recommend that the company focus on location to help increase their competitive position. It is a key success factor. Most consumers at a fast casual restaurant will be middle or upper class. It is important to locate these restaurants near demographic areas where many middle or upper class people can access the business. Many fast casual restaurants try to create a third place. The location of this restaurant is important because it should be placed in a central location where other commodities are surrounding it. To stay profitable in the highly competitive restaurant industry, Panera  regularly reviews and revises their menu to sustain the interest of regular customers, satisfy changing customer preferences, and be responsive to various seasons of the year. Panera develops an advantage in changing their menu over competitors such as McDonald’s and Subway who do not change their menu frequently and customers often lose interest in their menu offerings. Works Cited Wheelen, Thomas L. and J. David Hunger. Strategic Management and Business Policy Toward Global Sustainablity. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2012.

High School / Middle School Science Teacher - 862 Words

I want to be a high school/middle school science teacher. I want to teach kids, to show them that the world is their playground. That they can do anything and everything they put their little, bright, energetic minds too. Education is the world I’m putting myself into. I’ve known since I was four that wanted to work with kids, so teaching was the. I get to show them a whole new world full of advantage, and excitement. I get to see them make connections, to make that jump from the norm, inside the confined box, outside into the real world. To allow them to turn their simple generic ideas, into something special and original that they can follow through with and turn into something magical. My goal is to touch the lives of children and young adults and show them that school can be fun. That learning can be fun, and that there are lessons out there that aren’t boring. They can be exciting, like bending glass, making s’mores and blowing homemade bubbles. I wa nt kids to have gone through my class and years down the road come across something, and the answer is something I taught them. I want them to look back and remember the good times, the funny things, but most importantly the answer. I want them to learn something. I want them to wake up and not dread coming to school, not dread coming to my class. I want them excited to come to class. I want them to talk about the crazy and fun things we do, in the hallway to their friends. How we set stuff on fire, made ice cream,Show MoreRelatedMy Observation On Child Development Center1334 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough 3 years of age. That meat 6 months by September 1st and not entered Kindergarten. Supply for the care and education of young children while their parents attend school or are employed by Grossmont College. The college and children’s center serve a diverse population, including a large number of immigrants from the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa. 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