Cartel Theory of Oligopoly Essay

A cartel is characterized as a gathering of firms that gets together to settle on yield and value choices. The conditions that offer ascent to an oligopolistic advertise are additionally helpful for the arrangement of a cartel; specifically, cartels will in general emerge in business sectors where there are scarcely any organizations and each firm has a critical portion of the market. In the U.S., cartels are unlawful; notwithstanding, globally, there are no limitations on cartel development. The association of oil sending out nations (OPEC) is maybe the most popular case of a universal cartel; OPEC individuals meet routinely to choose how much oil every individual from the cartel will be permitted to deliver. Oligopolistic firms join a cartel to expand their market force, and individuals cooperate to decide mutually the degree of yield that every part will deliver as well as the value that every part will charge. By cooperating, the cartel individuals can carry on like a monopolist. For instance, if each firm in an oligopoly sells an undifferentiated item like oil, the interest bend that each firm faces will be flat at the market cost. Assuming, nonetheless, the oil-delivering firms structure a cartel like OPEC to decide their yield and value, they will together face a descending slanting business sector request bend, much the same as a monopolist. Truth be told, the cartel’s benefit amplifying choice is equivalent to that of a monopolist, as Figure 1 uncovers. The cartel individuals pick their joined yield at the level where their consolidated peripheral income rises to their consolidated minimal expense. The cartel cost is controlled by showcase request bend at the degree of yield picked by the cartel. The cartel’s benefits are equivalent to the zone of the rectangular box named abcd in Figure 1 . Note that a cartel, similar to a monopolist, will decide to create less yield and charge a more significant expense than would be found in an entirely serious market. When set up, cartels are hard to keep up. The issue is that cartel individuals will be enticed to undermine their consent to constrain creation. By delivering more yield than it has consented to create, a cartel part can build a lot of the cartel’s benefits. Subsequently, there is a worked in motivation for every cartel part to swindle. Obviously, if all individuals cheated, the cartel would stop to acquire imposing business model benefits, and there would not, at this point be any impetus for firms to stay in the cartel. The tricking issue has tormented the OPEC cartel just as different cartels and maybe clarifies why scarcely any cartels exist.

Pen Pals: Based On X-files Characters :: essays research papers

Friends through correspondence: Based On X-Files Characters Forward: This story was composed dependent on the X-Files characters made by Chris Carter and Ten Thirteen creations. Not the slightest bit this story is being utilized to encroach or criticize these characters or the X-Files TV arrangement. The story depends on my hypothesis of what befell Agent Fox Mulder's sister at the point when she was a youngster. As per the authors of the X-Files, this story has no association to what truly happened to Samantha Mulder when she was a youngster, as nobody truly knows the entire story. As the arrangement unfurls, we will ideally get familiar with what occurs. I have presented my story to the journalists and makers of the X-Files through the Internet in trusts they will utilize my story in a future scene. This story is additionally accessible over the Internet on my landing page so others can see it at their relaxation. The thought for this story has been in the rear of my brain before I was doled out this task. I have consistently cherished the X-Files since it debuted and inside the past year, I have presented my accounts, thoughts, and recommendations to the authors of the X-Files. Shockingly, none of my thoughts have been chosen. Bunches of action with respect to the X-Files goes on over the Internet, and through conversations are the place I get a great deal of my thoughts for the narratives that I compose. =============================================== June eighth, 1996 6:58pm- Washington, DC, Scully's Apartment Dana Scully showed up home to discover a bundle sitting in the passage outside her entryway. Inquisitive, she got it and tucked it under her arm while she let herself into the condo. Once inside, she set the crate enveloped by earthy colored paper down on her feasting table and left it there while she hung up her jacket and kicked off her high heels. Mulder would be coming over later to examine the case they were right now dealing with, however up to that point, she needed to unwind. She made herself some hot espresso and conveyed both it and the bundle with her over to the couch. She saw that her mom's arrival address was on the name. I wonder what this could be? She didn't state she would have been sending me anything. Dana put her tea down and tore the paper open. Inside she found a fairly old, exceptionally comfortable shoebox with an envelope taped to the top. She opened the envelope what's more, read the letter her mom had encased. Dear Dana, I discovered this when I was experiencing some crates in the storage room and nearly tossed

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing? Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing?Is this a “flammable” and “inflammable” situation, because we’ve been burned by that before. Literally.Instead of doing that thing where a blog post asks a question and then makes you read like half the article before answering it, we’re just going to get to the point: No. “Bad credit” and “no credit” are not the same thing.So what’s the difference?“No credit history means you’ve never borrowed money from a financial institution. Bad credit means you have borrowed money from a credit provider but made some financial mistakes in the past. Either way, they are both not ideal,” says Natasha Rachel Smith, a personal finance expert at TopCashback.com. “No credit is typically seen amongst high school and college students, and also with people who have been misled to think all forms of credit are bad.Remember that FICO scores exist on a scale from 300 to 850. (The higher the number, the better the score.) Having bad c redit means having a FICO score of 620 or belowâ€"all the way down to 300. Having no credit means you don’t even have a score at all.According to Kerri Moriarty, Head of Company Development at Cinch Financial, “Having “bad” credit means you’ve demonstrated some kind of negative behavior in the context of your credit historyâ€"it could be anything from missing payments, to carrying a very high balance compared to your available credit, opening a lot of new lines of credit at once, or filing bankruptcy for example.”Moriarty says that “Having no credit means that there is no information available that a lender can use to evaluate your ability to borrow money and repay in a responsible fashion. Just because you have no credit, doesn’t mean you have bad credit â€" it just means that the bank doesn’t know anything about you in the context of credit and that’s a risk in itself, just like the risk of lending to someone with bad credit.”Simon Zhen, a research analyst at MyBankTracker says that “All kinds of people can have bad credit but it doesn’t mean that they are bad people. You can be wealthy with high income and still have bad credit. Common reasons for bad credit include personal bankruptcy, identity theft, and missed payments. It’s very easy to forget a bill and that can lead to a significant drop in your credit score.”Who has bad credit? “Bad credit affects people that have had trouble meeting payment obligations in the past, whatever the cause,” says Liran Amrany, cofounder and CEO of Debitize. “There are typically people that have taken credit in the past, whether through a mortgage or credit card, and failed to pay their amounts due on timeâ€"though there are many other factors than can impact your credit as well.”“In fact,” says Amrany, “some people struggle from bad credit simply because they use most of their credit lineâ€"and making more frequent payments or asking for a credit line increase can often help her e.”According to Moriarty, it’s an unfortunate reality that “those with lower incomes are most susceptible to bad credit because their financial situations often leave them with no other option to make ends meet than financing the purchase using credit if they can’t afford it today.She adds, “Those that need the financing options the most end up paying the most for them.”Moriarty adds that “underbanked consumers also tend to fall in the lower income category which creates a terrible cycle of keeping them in the “no” credit category because they don’t have the assets today to establish credit that they can then prove they are responsible with.”Who has no credit?According to Ian Atkins, an analyst and staff writer at Fit Small Business, having no creditâ€"also known as having “thin” creditâ€"primarily affects three groups: young adults, those new to the US, and those who never utilized credit.Here’s what he has to say:“Young adults often have thin credit. Unless you have a parent who is especially clued in on how important good credit habits are, its likely that you graduate with no credit. After high school, though, youll typically have opportunities to start building credit. Credit card offers, cell phone plans, apartment leases, auto loans, student loansâ€"theyll all start building the foundation of your credit history.”Studies have shown that Millennials who came of age during the housing crash and great recession have tended to be very wary of credit. While their reluctance to take on excessive debt should be applauded, their reluctance to utilize credit accounts could prevent them from establishing their creditâ€"and those delays could cost them in the long run.”“Those new to the US (immigrants, exchange students, etc.) will have no credit. Differences in national laws and reporting mean that credit scores essentially stop at the border. While that has little impact on tourists, it can be a real problem for those who will be staying in the U.S. for extended periods or for those who will be calling the U.S. home. Regardless of how creditworthy you are in your country of origin, the US credit bureaus will have you showing no credit. And that can mean big issues renting an apartment, getting approved for credit cards, and even getting cell phones.”“Some folks just dont ever really have a reason to utilize credit and therefore never really build up a credit profile. Sometimes this is a spouse who relies on their partner to handle all the finances and was never placed on joint accounts. Sometimes this is someone who has always preferred to deal in cash. Youd be surprised how many very successful, high net-worth individuals have thin credit simply because theyre old school and only deal in cash. This avoidance of credit isnt really a problem, until it all of a sudden is.”How can I build my credit?According to Smith, “Thankfully, there is an easy solution to build a credit score. If you have no cre dit, you can apply for a secured credit card to start contributing data to your credit history. Secured credit cards require a security deposit that acts as all or part of your credit limit. They are the easiest form of lending to qualify for if you don’t have a credit history.”Amrany says that “The steps to improving your credit if you have bad credit, or building credit if you have no credit, are actually not that different. The best way to do either is to get a credit card and use it responsibly.”“Make sure you keep your utilization low and pay your bills on time,” he says. “If you cant qualify for a credit card, you can always start with a secured credit card. Within six months, you should be able to qualify for a better, unsecured credit card. If youre nervous about using a credit card, Debitize can help. Debitize covers your credit card purchases every dayâ€"just like a debit cardâ€"so you can build credit and earn rewards without worrying about debt, interest, o r late fees.”Zhen also recommends that folks with no credit can “be added as authorized users on the credit lines of other people. This links the strong account history to their credit reports until they can qualify for credit on their own.”How can I improve my bad credit?According to Zhen, the first step towards improving your credit “is to remove errors or dispute any inaccuracies that are leading to negative marks on your credit report. This could entail contacting banks, lenders, and credit bureaus to sort out the problem.”Here’s some good news: You’re actually entitled to one free copy of your credit report per year from each of the three major credit bureaus. Just visit annualcreditreport.com to request a copy.To remedy bad credit, Moriarty suggests that you take steps to establish a strong repayment history.“With whatever you have available, like your current credit cards, you want to begin spending a little bit on them each month, so that you can pay off the balance in full, month after month, until you’ve demonstrated to the lender you are good at making payments on time,” she says. “35% of your credit score is determined by your payment history, and it’s the most important factor that the bureaus use to determine your credit score.”Moriarty also recommends working on your outstanding credit card balances, as “30% of your score is based on your utilizationâ€"which means the amount you’re spending (and possible carrying as a balance) on the card compared to the total credit limit. ““The rule of thumb is not to exceed 30% of your total credit limit, she says, adding, “This is tricky, because your total credit limit amount is more important than the actual amount of debt you owe. It’s not that the company cares how much you’ve spend, they just worry when it looks like you’re spending almost all of your available credit because it sends a signal that you are really strapped for cash.”“Negative marks fall off y our credit report after 7 years,” says Zhen. “So stay consistent with your good credit behavior and your credit will recover just fine.”Are you having trouble with your credit score? Check out our other blog posts on this subject, and tell us if there’s a question or topic you’d like us to answer in a future piece! You can find us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsLiran Amrany (@LiranAmrany) is the co-founder and CEO of Debitize, a personal finance app that gives users credit card perks without the risks of debt, interest, or late fees. Debitize (@Debitize) is compatible with any credit card and works by automatically paying off your purchases every day just like a debit card. Liran has a Masters in Financial Engineering from UC Berkeley and, prior to founding Debitize, spent 9 years as a derivatives marketer at JPMorgan.Ian Atkins (@FitSmallBiz) is an analyst and staff writer for Fit Small Business. He covers sma ll business finance with a focus on traditional and alternative small business lending. Ian has over 9 years working in personal and small business finance.Kerri Moriarty  (@CinchFinancial) is part of the founding team at Cinch Financial, a Boston-based startup building autonomous fiduciary software. Prior to Cinch, she worked as a financial advisor helping individuals plan their financial lives in the long and short term. Being one of those mysterious millennials, she manages most of her life across 5-6 apps on her phone and recognizes no such technology exists for her everyday financial decisions. Big companies have CFO’s working for them â€" why shouldn’t you? That’s where Cinch comes in.Natasha Rachel Smith (@TopCashBackUSA) a Personal Finance Expert at TopCashback.com, is based in Montclair, NJ. Natasha’s background is in retail, banking, personal finance and consumer empowerment; ranging from sales to journalism, marketing, public relations and spokesperson work during a 17-year career period. She’s originally from London, UK, but moved to Montclair, New Jersey, USA, several years ago to launch and run the American arm of the British-owned TopCashback brand; a global consumer empowerment and money-saving portal company.Simon Zhen  (@SimonZhen) is a research analyst for MyBankTracker  (@mybanktracker), a website that focuses on helping people find the best banks and financial accounts based on their unique relationship with money. He is knowledgeable in consumer banking, deposit accounts, credit cards, and general personal finance topics.

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing

Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing? Are Bad Credit and No Credit the Same Thing?Is this a “flammable” and “inflammable” situation, because we’ve been burned by that before. Literally.Instead of doing that thing where a blog post asks a question and then makes you read like half the article before answering it, we’re just going to get to the point: No. “Bad credit” and “no credit” are not the same thing.So what’s the difference?“No credit history means you’ve never borrowed money from a financial institution. Bad credit means you have borrowed money from a credit provider but made some financial mistakes in the past. Either way, they are both not ideal,” says Natasha Rachel Smith, a personal finance expert at TopCashback.com. “No credit is typically seen amongst high school and college students, and also with people who have been misled to think all forms of credit are bad.Remember that FICO scores exist on a scale from 300 to 850. (The higher the number, the better the score.) Having bad c redit means having a FICO score of 620 or belowâ€"all the way down to 300. Having no credit means you don’t even have a score at all.According to Kerri Moriarty, Head of Company Development at Cinch Financial, “Having “bad” credit means you’ve demonstrated some kind of negative behavior in the context of your credit historyâ€"it could be anything from missing payments, to carrying a very high balance compared to your available credit, opening a lot of new lines of credit at once, or filing bankruptcy for example.”Moriarty says that “Having no credit means that there is no information available that a lender can use to evaluate your ability to borrow money and repay in a responsible fashion. Just because you have no credit, doesn’t mean you have bad credit â€" it just means that the bank doesn’t know anything about you in the context of credit and that’s a risk in itself, just like the risk of lending to someone with bad credit.”Simon Zhen, a research analyst at MyBankTracker says that “All kinds of people can have bad credit but it doesn’t mean that they are bad people. You can be wealthy with high income and still have bad credit. Common reasons for bad credit include personal bankruptcy, identity theft, and missed payments. It’s very easy to forget a bill and that can lead to a significant drop in your credit score.”Who has bad credit? “Bad credit affects people that have had trouble meeting payment obligations in the past, whatever the cause,” says Liran Amrany, cofounder and CEO of Debitize. “There are typically people that have taken credit in the past, whether through a mortgage or credit card, and failed to pay their amounts due on timeâ€"though there are many other factors than can impact your credit as well.”“In fact,” says Amrany, “some people struggle from bad credit simply because they use most of their credit lineâ€"and making more frequent payments or asking for a credit line increase can often help her e.”According to Moriarty, it’s an unfortunate reality that “those with lower incomes are most susceptible to bad credit because their financial situations often leave them with no other option to make ends meet than financing the purchase using credit if they can’t afford it today.She adds, “Those that need the financing options the most end up paying the most for them.”Moriarty adds that “underbanked consumers also tend to fall in the lower income category which creates a terrible cycle of keeping them in the “no” credit category because they don’t have the assets today to establish credit that they can then prove they are responsible with.”Who has no credit?According to Ian Atkins, an analyst and staff writer at Fit Small Business, having no creditâ€"also known as having “thin” creditâ€"primarily affects three groups: young adults, those new to the US, and those who never utilized credit.Here’s what he has to say:“Young adults often have thin credit. Unless you have a parent who is especially clued in on how important good credit habits are, its likely that you graduate with no credit. After high school, though, youll typically have opportunities to start building credit. Credit card offers, cell phone plans, apartment leases, auto loans, student loansâ€"theyll all start building the foundation of your credit history.”Studies have shown that Millennials who came of age during the housing crash and great recession have tended to be very wary of credit. While their reluctance to take on excessive debt should be applauded, their reluctance to utilize credit accounts could prevent them from establishing their creditâ€"and those delays could cost them in the long run.”“Those new to the US (immigrants, exchange students, etc.) will have no credit. Differences in national laws and reporting mean that credit scores essentially stop at the border. While that has little impact on tourists, it can be a real problem for those who will be staying in the U.S. for extended periods or for those who will be calling the U.S. home. Regardless of how creditworthy you are in your country of origin, the US credit bureaus will have you showing no credit. And that can mean big issues renting an apartment, getting approved for credit cards, and even getting cell phones.”“Some folks just dont ever really have a reason to utilize credit and therefore never really build up a credit profile. Sometimes this is a spouse who relies on their partner to handle all the finances and was never placed on joint accounts. Sometimes this is someone who has always preferred to deal in cash. Youd be surprised how many very successful, high net-worth individuals have thin credit simply because theyre old school and only deal in cash. This avoidance of credit isnt really a problem, until it all of a sudden is.”How can I build my credit?According to Smith, “Thankfully, there is an easy solution to build a credit score. If you have no cre dit, you can apply for a secured credit card to start contributing data to your credit history. Secured credit cards require a security deposit that acts as all or part of your credit limit. They are the easiest form of lending to qualify for if you don’t have a credit history.”Amrany says that “The steps to improving your credit if you have bad credit, or building credit if you have no credit, are actually not that different. The best way to do either is to get a credit card and use it responsibly.”“Make sure you keep your utilization low and pay your bills on time,” he says. “If you cant qualify for a credit card, you can always start with a secured credit card. Within six months, you should be able to qualify for a better, unsecured credit card. If youre nervous about using a credit card, Debitize can help. Debitize covers your credit card purchases every dayâ€"just like a debit cardâ€"so you can build credit and earn rewards without worrying about debt, interest, o r late fees.”Zhen also recommends that folks with no credit can “be added as authorized users on the credit lines of other people. This links the strong account history to their credit reports until they can qualify for credit on their own.”How can I improve my bad credit?According to Zhen, the first step towards improving your credit “is to remove errors or dispute any inaccuracies that are leading to negative marks on your credit report. This could entail contacting banks, lenders, and credit bureaus to sort out the problem.”Here’s some good news: You’re actually entitled to one free copy of your credit report per year from each of the three major credit bureaus. Just visit annualcreditreport.com to request a copy.To remedy bad credit, Moriarty suggests that you take steps to establish a strong repayment history.“With whatever you have available, like your current credit cards, you want to begin spending a little bit on them each month, so that you can pay off the balance in full, month after month, until you’ve demonstrated to the lender you are good at making payments on time,” she says. “35% of your credit score is determined by your payment history, and it’s the most important factor that the bureaus use to determine your credit score.”Moriarty also recommends working on your outstanding credit card balances, as “30% of your score is based on your utilizationâ€"which means the amount you’re spending (and possible carrying as a balance) on the card compared to the total credit limit. ““The rule of thumb is not to exceed 30% of your total credit limit, she says, adding, “This is tricky, because your total credit limit amount is more important than the actual amount of debt you owe. It’s not that the company cares how much you’ve spend, they just worry when it looks like you’re spending almost all of your available credit because it sends a signal that you are really strapped for cash.”“Negative marks fall off y our credit report after 7 years,” says Zhen. “So stay consistent with your good credit behavior and your credit will recover just fine.”Are you having trouble with your credit score? Check out our other blog posts on this subject, and tell us if there’s a question or topic you’d like us to answer in a future piece! You can find us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsLiran Amrany (@LiranAmrany) is the co-founder and CEO of Debitize, a personal finance app that gives users credit card perks without the risks of debt, interest, or late fees. Debitize (@Debitize) is compatible with any credit card and works by automatically paying off your purchases every day just like a debit card. Liran has a Masters in Financial Engineering from UC Berkeley and, prior to founding Debitize, spent 9 years as a derivatives marketer at JPMorgan.Ian Atkins (@FitSmallBiz) is an analyst and staff writer for Fit Small Business. He covers sma ll business finance with a focus on traditional and alternative small business lending. Ian has over 9 years working in personal and small business finance.Kerri Moriarty  (@CinchFinancial) is part of the founding team at Cinch Financial, a Boston-based startup building autonomous fiduciary software. Prior to Cinch, she worked as a financial advisor helping individuals plan their financial lives in the long and short term. Being one of those mysterious millennials, she manages most of her life across 5-6 apps on her phone and recognizes no such technology exists for her everyday financial decisions. Big companies have CFO’s working for them â€" why shouldn’t you? That’s where Cinch comes in.Natasha Rachel Smith (@TopCashBackUSA) a Personal Finance Expert at TopCashback.com, is based in Montclair, NJ. Natasha’s background is in retail, banking, personal finance and consumer empowerment; ranging from sales to journalism, marketing, public relations and spokesperson work during a 17-year career period. She’s originally from London, UK, but moved to Montclair, New Jersey, USA, several years ago to launch and run the American arm of the British-owned TopCashback brand; a global consumer empowerment and money-saving portal company.Simon Zhen  (@SimonZhen) is a research analyst for MyBankTracker  (@mybanktracker), a website that focuses on helping people find the best banks and financial accounts based on their unique relationship with money. He is knowledgeable in consumer banking, deposit accounts, credit cards, and general personal finance topics.